RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
NATURAL AND CONSCIOUS EVOLUTION

A Theoretical and Applied Metaphysics

ANIL MITRA PHD, © Horizons Enterprises™ 1987, 1999

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1 Introduction, Objectives, Structure

1.1 Preface to Evolution and Design

1.1.1 For the Future…

1.1.2 Origins

1.2 General Statement: Origins and Objectives

1.1.1 Personal - Origins in my Life and Commitments

1.3 Evolution and Design - Levels and Relations - Origins of Objectives

1.4 Characterization of Design

1.4.1 Introduction to the Concept of Design

1.4.2 Four Levels of Design

1.4.2.1 Level I - Problem Solving and Objective Design

1.4.2.2 Level II - Social and Human Process

1.4.2.3 Level III - Evolutionary Design

1.4.2.4 Level IV - Design is Evolution

1.5 Objectives for this Work

1.5.1 Formal Statement

1.5.1.1 Objective 1 - Design as Fundamental in Society and Universe

1.5.1.1.1 Idea a - Practical and Objective Design

1.5.1.1.2 Idea B - Social Process as Design

1.5.1.1.3 Idea C - Evolution in Design

1.5.1.1.4 Idea D - General Evolution

1.5.1.2 Objective 2 - Use of Design

1.5.1.3 Objective 3 - Design as Universal Process

1.5.2 Discussion and Further Considerations

1.5.2.1 Objective 1 - Objective Design

1.5.2.1.1 Idea a - Objective Design is a Fundamental Human and Social Process

1.5.2.1.2 Idea B: Objective Design Generalizes to Social Process

1.5.2.1.3 Idea C - Evolution in Design

1.5.2.1.4 Idea D - General Evolution

1.5.2.2 Objective 2 - Use of Design

1.5.2.3 Objective 3 - Design as Universal Process

1.6 Basic Theses and Postulates

1.6.1 There is a Human Motive to the Universal

1.6.2 This Resolution Requires Vision

1.6.3 Design, as Problem Solving is an Essential Activity At All Levels

1.6.4 Objective Design Must Include Holistic Values

1.6.5 Generalization of the Basic Design Leads to More Inclusive and Universal Processes

1.6.6 The Idea Evolution = Design [Level IV] Universalizes and Hierarchizes Design

1.7 Outline

1.7.1 Topics

1.7.2 Logic of the Order

1.7.3 Completeness

1.7.4 Where Are the Objectives Treated?

1.7.4.1 Objective 1

1.7.4.2 Objective 2

1.7.4.3 Objective 3

2 Evolution and History

1.8 Reasons to Study Evolution

1.8.1 As the Universal Process of Unfolding Reality

1.8.2 To Show Levels of Understanding:

1.8.2.1 [a] Knowledge as Static

1.8.2.2 [B] Knowledge as Evolving

1.8.2.3 [C] Knowledge as an Element of Evolution

1.8.2.4 [D] Evolution of the Processes of Knowledge

1.8.3 To Establish “the” Dimensions of Being

1.8.4 Provides Learning for Design

1.8.5 To Study my own Life

1.8.6 To Understand Relation of Universal to Human Being

1.8.7 Relation to Objectives of the Present Work

1.8.8 Provides Insight Into Culture and Human Institutions

1.8.9 As a Foundation for Design

1.8.9.1 [1] Design is Within Evolution

1.8.9.2 [2] Design is Analogous to Evolution

1.8.9.3 [3] Design is Part of Evolution

1.9 Characterization of Evolution

1.9.1 Origins, Continuation and Destination of All Entities in Our Physical and Speculative Universes

1.9.2 Processes of Evolution Are Not Different Than Ordinary Processes

1.9.3 Evolution Need Not Be Distinguished from or Equated With Creation, Guidance, or Destruction

1.9.4 Time and Space Evolve

1.9.5 Universal Processes

1.9.6 Evolution is Not a Specific Set of Mechanisms or Theories

1.9.7 Evolution is Not a Social or Political Program

1.9.8 Evolution is Not a Philosophical Program

1.9.9 Evolution Includes Emergence of Order by Natural Processes

1.9.10 Blind Mechanism is Not Essential

1.9.11 Levels of Mechanism Include:

1.10 Abstract Evolution With Examples

1.10.1 Special

1.10.2 Linguistic

1.10.3 Mathematical - a Special Case of Linguistic

1.10.4 Computer

1.10.5 Mechanistic

1.11 History

1.11.1 Purpose of the Section

1.11.2 Meaning of History

1.12 Organic Accounts of Creation, Guidance and Destruction

1.12.1 Preface and Discussion

1.12.2 Reasons for Studying Organic Accounts of Creation, Guidance and Destruction

1.12.2.1 [1] as Archetypes of Origins

1.12.2.2 [2] as Archetypes of Psyche

1.12.2.3 [3] Continuity With the Past

1.12.2.4 [4] Some Functions Are Still Valid

1.12.2.5 [5] Organic Knowledge of Human Origins

1.12.2.6 [6] Symbolic-Organic Knowledge is Valuable

1.12.2.7 [7] If Science Should Decay

1.12.2.8 [8] Insight Organic Knowledge

1.12.3 Function

1.12.4 Sources

1.12.5 Types

1.12.5.1 [1] Creation

1.12.5.2 [2] Continuance

1.12.5.3 [3] Dissolution

1.13 Systematic Accounts of Evolution

1.13.1 Reasons for Studying Systematic Accounts

1.13.1.1 [1] Centering

1.13.1.2 [2] the Study Itself is Part of Human Evolution

1.13.1.3 [3] as a Source of Knowledge and its Systematization

1.13.1.4 [4] Knowledge for Design

1.13.1.5 [5] Learning About the Processes and Meanings of Design

1.13.1.6 [6]. A Continuation of the Organic Accounts Discussion of Evolution

1.13.1.7 [7] Centering Humankind in Nature

1.13.1.8 [8] as a Framework for a Unified Concept of Evolution

1.13.2 General Comments on Evolution and Mechanisms

1.13.3 Universal Evolution

1.13.4 Cosmological Evolution. Known and Speculative Universe

1.13.5 Evolution of the Phenomenal and Physical Objects of the Known Universe

1.13.6 Geophysical Evolution

1.13.7 Geochemical Evolution

1.13.8 Biological Evolution

1.13.8.1 Preface to Discussion

1.13.8.2 Relation of Biology and Biological Evolution to Science and General Evolution

1.13.8.2.1 Objectives of Science

1.13.8.2.2 Discovery and Method in Science

1.13.8.2.3 Special Features of Biology

1.13.8.2.4 The Problem of Teleology

1.13.8.2.5 Special Features of Life

1.13.8.2.6 Reduction in Biology

1.13.8.2.6.1 Constitutive Reductionism

1.13.8.2.6.2 Explanatory Reductionism

1.13.8.2.6.3 Theory Reductionism

1.13.8.2.7 Conceptual Structure of Biology

1.13.8.2.8 Philosophy of Biology

1.13.8.2.9 Some Principles of a Basis for Philosophy of Biology

1.13.8.2.10 Biology and Human Thought

1.13.8.2.11 Biology and Human Values

1.13.8.2.12 Philosophical Implications of Darwin’s Theories

1.13.8.3 Theoretical and Empirical Problems of Biological Evolution

1.13.8.3.1 [1] Outline of the Course of Evolution - Evolution and Descent of the Major Biological Types

1.13.8.3.1.1 a Four-Kingdom Scheme Based on the Notion of Common Tree-Like Descent

1.13.8.3.1.2 A Three Level, Five Kingdom Scheme Based on Descent, Morphology and Ecology

1.13.8.3.2 [2] Provision of Evidence:

1.13.8.3.3 [3] Methodological Problems

1.13.8.4 Outline Treatment of the Problems

1.13.8.4.1 Darwin’s Theory and It’s Five Strands

1.13.8.4.2 Early Criticisms of Darwin’s Theory

1.13.8.4.3 Darwin’s Responses

1.13.8.4.4 An Outline of the Theory of Evolution

1.13.8.4.4.1 [1] Variation

1.13.8.4.4.2 [2] Selection

1.13.8.4.4.3 [3] the Synthetic Theory of Evolution

1.13.8.4.4.4 [4] Major Stages of Evolution

1.13.8.4.4.4.1 [1] Origin of Life

1.13.8.4.4.4.2 [2] Multi-Cellular Organisms

1.13.8.4.4.4.3 [3] Colonization of Land

1.13.8.4.4.4.4 [4] Human Evolution

1.13.8.4.4.5 [5] Post Synthesis Development

1.13.8.4.4.5.1 [1] Population Genetics

1.13.8.4.4.5.2 [2] Molecular Biology

1.13.8.4.4.5.3 [3] Natural Selection - Evidence

1.13.8.4.4.5.4 [4] Modes of Speciation

1.13.8.4.4.5.5 [5] Macroevolution - the Subject of Paleontological Study

1.13.8.4.4.5.6 [6] Human Evolution

1.13.8.4.4.5.7 Eugenics

1.13.8.5 Outstanding Problems of Biological Evolution

1.13.8.5.1 [1] the Problem of Mechanisms

1.13.8.5.2 [2] Questions of Interaction

1.13.8.5.3 [3] Genetic Variability in Populations

1.13.8.5.4 [4] Rates of Evolution

1.13.8.5.5 [5] Origin of Life

1.13.8.5.6 [6] Relationship and Phylogeny of Major Types of Plants and Invertebrates

1.13.8.5.7 [7] Interaction Among Fields and Levels of Evolution

1.13.8.5.8 [8] Specialist Questions

1.13.8.5.9 [9] the Question of Gradual Change

1.13.9 Evolution or Emergence of Levels of Organization and Interactions

1.13.10 Human and Psychosocial Evolution: Descent and Development

1.13.11 Evolution of Human Society

1.13.12 Evolution of Individuation and Independence

1.13.13 Possibilities and Speculations: Universal Again

1.13.14 Open and Fundamental Problems of Evolution

1.14 Equilibrium, Decay and Growth in Evolution

1.14.1 Why Study These Aspects of Evolution?

1.14.2 Evidence for Origin and Growth, Equilibrium, Decline and Death

1.15 Evolution and Creation: Conflicts, Analogies, Syntheses

1.15.1 Conflicts and Resolutions

1.15.2 The Ultimate Nature of Things

1.15.3 Analogies and Conceptual Synthesis

1.15.4 Value Synthesis

1.16 Problem of Evolution of Order: a Science of Order

1.16.1 Generalized Characteristics Models of Systems Undergoing Evolutionary Cycles

1.16.2 Requirements for Models

1.16.3 Problems to Be Modeled

1.16.4 Relation With Type of Causation

1.17 Evolutionary Determinism and Indeterminism

1.17.1 General Questions

1.17.2 Specific Theories

1.17.3 Does Evolution Approach Perfection?

3 Philosophy

1.18 Reasons for Inclusion of Philosophy

1.18.1 Nature and Foundation of Aspects of Design At Different Levels

1.18.2 Foundations of the Objectives and Basic Postulates

1.18.3 Application of Philosophy to Design Values

1.18.4 To Understand the Processes of Humankind, Society, and Nature as a Unity

1.18.5 As an Outline or Framework for Study of Philosophy, Based in Evolution and Design

1.19 The Nature of Philosophy

1.19.1 Some Aspects Based in Design

1.19.2 Philosophy as a Method Vs. Philosophy as Knowledge

1.19.3 General Characterization

1.20 Divisions of Philosophy

1.20.1 Metaphysics

1.20.1.1 Outline of the Section. General Metaphysics, Cosmology, Epistemology, Evolutionary Metaphysics and Epistemology, Comparative Metaphysics and Epistemology, Metaphysics of Design and Choice, Content and Process, Nature of Metaphysics - Modes and Dimensions of Being and Their Processes, Sources of Metaphysics, Authors of Metaphysics in Western Philosophy

1.20.2 Epistemology - the Theory of Knowledge

1.20.2.1 The Nature of Knowledge…and of Truth, Logic and Reason

1.20.2.1.1 Outline of the Section. Truth, Logic, Reason, Epistemology and Logic, Direct and Transcendent Modes of Knowledge; What is Knowledge? Knowledge as: Justified True Belief, a Type of Goal-Directed Activity, an Interaction Between Systems, an Adaptive Element in Evolution; Location of Knowledge; Philosophy of Mind and Nature; Types of Theories of Knowledge, Origins of Knowledge

1.20.2.2 The Universe of Being, Action and Thought

1.20.2.2.1 Outline of the Section. The Universe of Being, Action and Thought; Propositions, Language, Truth, Reason; Language, Reason, Logic and Formal Logic; Adequacy of Language; Language of Thought

1.20.2.3 Perception, Reason and Knowledge…and Their Modes

1.20.2.4 Issues in Epistemology

1.20.3 Philosophical Method. Critical and Speculative Philosophy

1.20.4 Problems of Philosophy: an Outline

1.20.4.1 Speculative Philosophy

1.20.4.2 Critical Philosophy

1.21 Further Characterization of Philosophy: its Objectives, Value and Method

1.21.1 Objectives

1.21.2 Value of Philosophy

1.21.2.1 Comments from Whitehead’s Process and Reality

1.21.2.2 An Advertisement for Philosophy by Bertrand Russell in Relation to the Eternal Questions

1.21.2.3 Social Change and Creative Personality

1.21.3 Philosophical Method

1.21.3.1 Brief Criticism of Invalidation Theory

1.21.3.2 Whitehead on Speculative Philosophy. The Following Quotation is from Process and Reality:

1.21.3.3 Speculative Method - an Outline

1.21.3.3.1 Outline of the Section Doubt, Reflection, Definition of Scope, Assemblage, Speculation, Evaluation, Modes and Evolution of Evaluation, Application, Doubt, Entry Into Evolution

1.22 Special Problems of Philosophy…and its Applications

1.22.1 Philosophy of the Special Disciplines and Activities: Outline

1.22.2 Eternal Problems of Philosophy

1.22.3 Value: Axiology, Ethics and Aesthetics

1.22.3.1 Types of Ethics and Ethical Study

1.22.3.1.1 Meta-Ethics

1.22.3.1.2 Metaphysical Ethics

1.22.3.1.3 Deontological Ethics

1.22.3.1.4 Teleological Ethics

1.22.3.1.5 Evolutionary Ethics

1.22.3.2 General Foundations of Value

1.22.4 Social Philosophy

1.22.4.1 Philosophical Anthropology

1.22.4.2 Philosophy of Cultural Institutions - Art, Religion, Learning and Discovery, Education

1.22.4.3 Philosophy of Social Organization and Relation of Individual to the Group

1.22.4.3.1 Political Philosophy

1.22.4.3.2 Economic Philosophy

1.22.4.3.3 Philosophy of Law

1.22.5 Philosophy of Life…as Distinct from “Academic” Philosophy

1.22.5.1 The Well Lived Life

1.22.5.2 Existentialism

1.22.5.3 Religion and the Philosophy of Religion

1.22.5.4 Philosophy of Action

1.22.5.5 Role of Instinct, Mind, Spirit

1.22.5.6 Role of Truth

1.22.5.7 Relationship to Psychology

1.22.6 Philosophy of Evolution and Design Materialism, Mechanism, Choice

1.22.6.1 Introduction

1.22.6.2 Evolutionary Levels for Which a Framework is Provided

1.22.6.2.1 Mechanism

1.22.6.2.2 Physical Evolution

1.22.6.2.3 Chemical Evolution

1.22.6.2.4 Biological Evolution

1.22.6.2.5 Pre-Human Social Evolution

1.22.6.2.6 Human and Psychosocial Evolution

1.22.6.2.7 Socio-Cultural Evolution

1.22.6.2.8 Historical Evolution

1.22.6.2.9 Evolution of Knowledge

1.22.6.2.10 Evolution of the Processes and Institutions of Society

1.22.6.2.11 Evolution of Consciousness

1.22.6.2.12 Evolution of Design

1.22.6.2.13 Evolution in the Universal

1.22.6.3 Mechanism and “Paradigms” of Modes of Change

1.22.6.3.1 1. Mechanism

1.22.6.3.2 2. Purpose and Design

1.22.6.3.3 3. Evolution

1.22.6.3.4 4. Evolution

1.22.6.3.5 5. Variation

1.22.6.3.6 6. Selection

1.22.6.3.7 7. Co-Evolution

1.22.6.3.8 8. Gradualism - Synthesis Vs. Saltation

1.22.6.3.9 9. Uniform Change Vs. Punctuated Equilibria [1]

1.22.6.3.10 10. Evolution of Evolution

1.22.6.3.11 11. Tropic Principle

1.22.6.3.12 Language of Evolution

1.22.6.4 Evolution as a Framework for Knowledge…and Method

1.22.6.4.1 Value of Such a Framework

1.22.6.4.2 Nature and Evolution of Knowledge

1.22.6.4.2.1 Role of Knowledge in Culture

1.22.6.4.2.1.1 Level I: Mythic Cultures

1.22.6.4.2.1.2 Level II: Post-Mythic Cultures

1.22.6.4.2.1.3 Actual Cultures

1.22.6.4.2.2 Further Comments on Evolution of Knowledge. Models of Change

1.22.6.4.2.2.1 Origins of Knowledge

1.22.6.4.2.2.2 Changes in the Process or Mechanism of Knowledge At the Socio-Cultural Level

1.22.6.4.2.2.3 Changes in Socio-Cultural Knowledge

1.22.6.4.2.2.3.1 Models of Change At Level I - Mythic Thought

1.22.6.4.2.2.3.2 Models of Change At Level II - Post-Mythic Thought

1.22.6.4.3 Further Comments on the Selection or Evolutionary Theory of Knowledge and Science

1.22.6.4.4 Relation of Evolutionary Framework to the Question and Nature of a Priori and Synthetic Knowledge

1.22.6.4.5 Relation of Evolution to Other Aspects of Knowledge

1.22.6.4.5.1 [1] Accidental Knowledge

1.22.6.4.5.2 [2] Social Theory of Knowledge

1.22.6.4.5.3 [3] Relation Between Cognition and Emotion

1.22.6.4.5.4 [4] Science and Religion

1.22.6.5 Evolution as a Framework for Social Process and Institutions of Society

1.22.6.6 Evolution as a Framework for Consciousness

1.22.6.7 Evolution as a Framework for Design

1.22.6.7.1 Evolution in Designs

1.22.6.7.2 Evolution in Design Methods and Capabilities

1.22.6.8 Evolution as a Framework for the Universal

1.22.6.8.1 On Universality

1.22.6.9 Consistency Among the Frameworks and Points of View

1.22.7 The Open Problems of Philosophy

1.22.7.1 Problems and Problem Areas in Metaphysics, Epistemology, Design, Motivation and Action

1.22.7.1.1 Metaphysics

1.22.7.1.2 Epistemology

1.22.7.1.3 Motivation and Action

1.22.7.1.4 Design

1.22.7.2 Problems and Problem Areas for Philosophy and Human Enterprise as a Whole

1.22.7.2.1 Problems Relating to Unity

1.22.7.2.1.1 [1] Foundation in Physical Cosmology

1.22.7.2.1.2 [2] Synthesis of All Modes of Knowledge

1.22.7.2.1.3 [3] Motivation, Value, Psychology and Religion

1.22.7.2.1.4 [4] Design and Action

1.22.7.2.1.5 [5] a Study of Unity and Diversity

1.22.7.2.1.6 [6] Equivalence of Metaphysical and Epistemological Systems

1.22.7.2.1.7 [7] Structure of Knowledge

1.22.7.2.2 Problems Relating to Evolutionary Origin

1.22.7.2.2.1 [8] the Philosophic, Open Outlook

1.22.7.2.2.2 [9] the Universal in the Particular and the Symbolic

1.22.7.2.2.3 [10] Evolutionary Foundations of Philosophy

1.22.7.2.2.4 [11] Development of a Philosophy of Evolution and Design

1.22.7.2.2.5 [12] Foundation for a Sequence of Philosophies

1.22.7.3 The Fundamental Problems of Humankind
the Value of Philosophical Perspectives

1.22.7.3.1 On Problems and Solutions

1.22.7.3.1.1 [1] the Human Situation Must Be Seen and Felt in its Full Context

1.22.7.3.1.2 [2] on Choice of Values

1.22.7.3.1.3 [3] Humankind and Environment in Balance in Relation to a Full Spectrum of Needs

1.23 Conclusion

1.23.1 Emergence of a New Naturalistic View of Cognition, Emotion, Philosophy, Knowledge and Design

1.23.2 Transition to the Realm of Knowledge

1.23.3 Future Work for the Realm of Philosophy

4 Knowledge

1.24 Introduction

1.24.1 The Object of Study is Symbolic Knowledge and its Systematizations

1.24.2 Knowledge as an Adaptive Element in Nature

1.24.2.1 Relations of Knowledge Vs. Its “Functions”

1.24.3 Outlines of Area 4

1.24.3.1 Concept Outline

1.24.3.2 Brief Topic Outline

1.24.4 Nature of Knowledge

1.24.4.1 [1] System Theory of Knowledge:

1.24.4.2 [2] Knowledge as an Adaptation

1.24.4.3 [3] Potential Knowledge

1.24.4.4 [4] Knowledge Includes Information

1.24.4.5 [5] Ontogenetic Knowledge

1.24.4.6 [6] Phylogenetic Knowledge

1.24.4.7 [7] Cultural Knowledge

1.24.4.8 [8] Rational Knowledge

1.24.5 Knower and Known

1.24.6 On Evolutionary Epistemology

1.24.7 Relation Between Evolutionary Epistemology and Evolutionary Design

1.25 Role of Knowledge in Evolution and Design

1.25.1 Turning Points in Development of Knowledge

1.25.2 Symbolic and Artifactual Knowledge

1.25.3 Symbolic and Artifactual Design

1.25.4 Evolution and Design

1.25.5 On Objective Design

1.25.6 On Fine Tuning in Design

1.26 Organization of Knowledge

1.26.1 Principles of Organization

1.26.1.1 Concepts of the Nature of Knowledge

1.26.1.1.1 System Theory of Knowledge

1.26.1.1.2 Adaptive-Evolutionary Theory of Knowledge

1.26.1.2 An Ideal Organization of the Object of Knowledge

1.26.1.2.1 An Organization Based in the Known Structure of the Universe

1.26.1.3 Conventional, Practical and Cultural Factors

1.26.1.3.1 Structure of Knowledge and Nature; Realism and Idealism

1.26.1.4 General Principles of Classification

1.26.1.4.1 Logical Principles

1.26.1.4.2 Material Principles

1.26.1.4.3 Dependence on Domain

1.26.2 Problems of Linguistic and Poetic Expression and of Art

1.26.2.1 Modes of Human Experience With Preliminary Discussion of Art

1.26.2.1.1 [1] Levels of Existence

1.26.2.1.2 [2] Levels of Experience

1.26.2.1.3 [3] Levels of Consciousness and Levels of Cognition:

1.26.2.1.4 [4] Symbolic Modes of Representation:

1.26.2.1.5 [5] Modes of Coding, Expression, Communication:

1.26.2.2 The Elements of Art

1.26.2.2.1 Art is Expression of Experience

1.26.2.2.2 Art Contains Existential Elements of Experience

1.26.2.2.3 Art is a Form of Knowledge

1.26.2.2.4 Art Integrates the Modes of Human Being

1.26.2.3 Art and Global Design

1.26.2.4 Analysis of Language and Logic and Relation to Art

1.26.3 An Extended Classification of Principles of Organization of Knowledge With Examples:

1.26.3.1 Natural and Chronological Classifications

1.26.3.1.1 Plato [428-324bc]

1.26.3.1.2 Aristotle [384-322bc]

1.26.3.1.3 Francis Bacon [1561-1626]

1.26.3.1.4 French Encyclopaedists: Diderot and D’alembert

1.26.3.1.5 Immanuel Kant [1724-1804]

1.26.3.1.6 Samuel Taylor Coleridge [1772-1834] and the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana

1.26.3.1.7 Andrė Marie Ampere [1775-1836]

1.26.3.1.8 Auguste Comte [1798-1857]

1.26.3.1.9 Wilhem Dilthey [1833-1911]

1.26.3.1.10 Twentieth-Century Efforts

1.26.3.1.10.1 Fifteenth Edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica

1.26.3.1.10.1.1 Propaedia - a Detailed Topical Outline of Knowledge

1.26.3.1.10.1.2 Discussion of the 15^th Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica With Logical Modifications

1.26.3.1.10.1.2.1 An Arrangement in Super-Divisions

1.26.3.1.10.1.3 Great Books of the Western World; Syntopicon

1.26.3.1.11 Comments on Knowledge and Design

1.26.3.1.12 Learning from the Historical Sequences of Organizations and Their Philosophies: Evolution of Knowledge and Organization

1.26.3.2 Classifications Based on Practical, Design, and Special Considerations

1.26.3.2.1 Some Practical Considerations: Retrieval, Administrative, and Special Purposes Such as Projects and Fields of Learning

1.26.3.2.2 Knowledge of Design

1.26.3.2.3 Knowledge for Design

1.26.3.3 Actual Classifications

1.26.3.3.1 [1] Universities and Academies

1.26.3.3.2 [2] Libraries

1.26.3.3.3 [3] Encyclopaedias

1.26.3.3.4 [4] Knowledge Bases

1.26.3.4 Design of a Knowledge Base

1.26.3.4.1 Need

1.26.3.4.2 Functional Considerations, Problem Definition, Decisions

1.26.3.4.2.1 [1] General Function and Economics

1.26.3.4.2.2 [2] General Vs. Special Purpose

1.26.3.4.2.3 [3] Levels of Treatments

1.26.3.4.3 Performance or Design Specifications - Including Format; Synthesis: Decisions

1.26.3.4.3.1 [4] Length - Estimate

1.26.3.4.3.2 [5] Principals of Organization

1.26.3.4.3.2.1 Natural Vs. Practical

1.26.3.4.3.2.2 Single or Multiple Principles of Organization

1.26.3.4.3.2.2.1 Hybrid-Matrix Organization is One Approach

1.26.3.4.3.2.2.2 Unitary:

1.26.3.4.4 Analysis and Optimization

1.26.3.4.4.1 General or General and Specialized Base?

1.26.3.4.4.2 Dual Levels or Multiple Index Systems - Table of Contents System?

1.26.3.4.4.2.1.1 Information Level

1.26.3.4.4.2.1.2 Knowledge Level

1.26.3.4.4.3 Systematic [Natural Vs. Logical-Material] Vs. Alphabetic Arrangement of Knowledge Level

1.26.3.4.4.4 The Index

1.26.3.4.4.5 The Systematic Outline

1.26.3.4.4.6 Encyclopaedia Britannica - 15th Edition as a Model

1.26.3.4.5 Cross Reference Systems

1.26.3.4.6 Update

1.26.3.4.7 Verification

1.26.3.4.8 Principles of Generation

1.26.3.4.9 Evaluation and Feedback: Presentation

1.26.4 Major Divisions of Symbolic Knowledge

1.26.4.1 Concepts from Evolution. Effect of Culture

1.26.4.1.1 Culture

1.26.4.2 Main Divisions of Knowledge

1.26.4.2.1 Main Divisions of Knowledge - 1

1.26.4.2.1.1 Symbolic Systems

1.26.4.2.1.1.1 [1] General Purpose; Descriptive Metaphysics

1.26.4.2.1.1.2 [2] Natural Systems: for Art

1.26.4.2.1.1.3 [3] Special Purpose: for Science and Technology

1.26.4.2.1.2 Symbolically Coded Knowledge

1.26.4.2.1.2.1 [1] Philosophy; Symbolic Systems

1.26.4.2.1.2.2 [2] Humanities; Arts

1.26.4.2.1.2.3 [3] Sciences; Technology

1.26.4.2.2 The Main Divisions of Knowledge - 2

1.26.4.2.2.1 Symbolic Systems

1.26.4.2.2.1.1 [1] General Purpose Symbolic Systems-Languages; Language of Thought; Descriptive Metaphysics

1.26.4.2.2.1.2 [2] Symbolic Systems for Arts and Natural Languages; Generally: Phylogenetic-Mythic Knowledge

1.26.4.2.2.1.3 [3] Special Purpose Symbolic Systems for Science and Technology; Generally: Synthetic a Priori

1.26.4.2.2.2 Symbolically Coded Knowledge

1.26.4.2.2.2.1 [1] Philosophy; Knowledge of Symbolic Systems

1.26.4.2.2.2.2 [2] Humanities; Arts

1.26.4.2.2.2.3 [3] Science; Technology

1.27 A Brief Outline of Knowledge

1.27.1 Symbolic Systems

1.27.1.1 General

1.27.1.2 Language and Related Systems

1.27.1.3 Special Purpose Symbolic Systems

1.27.2 Knowledge - Symbolically Coded Knowledge of the World

1.27.2.1 Philosophy

1.27.2.2 Humanities and Arts

1.27.2.3 The Sciences

1.27.2.4 Technology

1.27.2.5 Summary of Outline of 4.3.2

1.28 Detailed Outlines of Knowledge

1.28.1 Level II

1.28.2 Level III

1.29 Open Problems of Knowledge

1.29.1 Nature and Method

1.29.2 Structure and Organization

1.29.3 Problems of the Disciplines

1.30 The Essentials of Knowledge - a Brief Treatment

1.31 An Encyclopedic Compilation

1.31.1 A General Plan of Approach:

5 Design

1.32 Origin of Purpose

1.33 Role of Design and Planning

1.33.1 Designing and Planning Are Essentially the Same Activity

1.33.1.1 Scope and Detail

1.33.1.2 Role of Design in a Total Process or Achievement of Objectives

1.33.1.3 Levels of Design

1.33.2 Role of Design in Society

1.33.2.1 Objective Design

1.33.2.2 Further Concepts of Design

1.33.2.2.1 Simple Objective Design

1.33.2.2.2 Active Design

1.33.2.2.3 Design for Diversity

1.33.2.2.4 Learning, Research and Knowledge

1.33.2.2.5 Multiple Objective Design

1.33.2.2.6 Dynamic Design, Evolutionary Problem Solving

1.33.2.2.7 Evolutionary Design

1.33.2.2.8 Creative Design

1.33.2.3 Professions and Design

1.33.2.4 Generalization

1.33.2.5 Society and Design

1.33.2.6 Social and Global Design. Design for Diversity. Social Process as Design

1.33.2.7 Evolutionary Design

1.33.3 Evolution as Design

1.34 Practical Design

1.34.1 Role of Design in Completing a Project

1.34.2 Planning or Design of Design: Allocation of Resources

1.34.3 Management. Role of Management in Design

1.34.4 Practical Management

1.34.4.1 Elements of Management and Design Functions

1.34.5 Practical Design

1.34.5.1 Levels of Detail

1.34.5.1.1 Level 1

1.34.5.1.2 Level 2

1.34.5.1.3 Level 3

1.34.5.1.4 Further Levels of Detail

1.34.6 Enhancing Creativity

1.34.6.1 On Thinking-in-Action

1.34.7 Control

1.34.8 Applications

1.34.9 Outline of a Volume on Practical Design

1.35 Formal Objective Design: Planning and Design

1.35.1 The Linear Spectrum of Design Levels is Defined by the Degree to Which Well-Defined Objectives Exist

1.35.1.1 Objective Design is the Level At Which the Human Designer Has Well-Defined Objectives

1.35.1.2 This Merges With the Next General Level, Which Includes Social Process

1.35.1.3 Objective Design and Social Design or Process Are Similar

1.35.1.4 Consideration is Therefore Given to Social Design or Process

1.35.2 Philosophy of Design

1.35.2.1 Further Comments and Observations

1.35.2.1.1 Design Has Origin in Action:

1.35.2.1.2 Comprehensive Anticipatory Design

1.35.2.1.3 Models of Design and Integration

1.35.2.1.4 Further Topics in Philosophy of Design

1.35.2.2 Need for Philosophy of Design and Planning

1.35.3 Management of Design. Planning

1.35.3.1 Management and Related Concepts

1.35.3.2 Type Analysis

1.35.3.3 Models of Planning

1.35.3.4 Robert Mayer’s Model of Developmental Planning

1.35.3.5 Range of Application

1.35.4 Top - Down Design: Design and Planning Levels. Priorities Design

1.35.4.1 A Set of Global Design and Planning Levels

1.35.5 Outline of Methodologies
or, Outline of Design and Planning Methodologies for a Set of Global to Specific Levels

1.35.5.1 The Methods Are Variations of a Single Concept Which is an Amplification of Design = Variation and Selection = Development and Evaluation of Alternatives

1.35.5.2 Feedback and Interaction Among the Stages of Design

1.35.5.3 Component Design - the Basic Procedure

1.35.5.4 System and Subsystem Design

1.35.5.4.1 Phase 1 Marketing Analysis

1.35.5.4.2 Phase 2 Conceptual Design

1.35.5.4.3 Phase 3 Preliminary Design

1.35.5.4.4 Phase 4 Detailed Design

1.35.5.4.5 Phase 5 Prototype Testing

1.35.5.4.6 Typical Times

1.35.5.5 Industrial Operations

1.35.5.5.1 Design and Related Management Activities

1.35.5.6 Business Organization, Planning and Management

1.35.5.6.1 Management Functions for Business

1.35.5.6.1.1 General Functions

1.35.5.6.1.2 Functional Strategies

1.35.5.6.1.3 Social Responsibility

1.35.5.6.1.4 Strategic Planning; Time and Planning [See Comment, P 5-11]

1.35.5.6.1.5 Managing for the Future

1.35.5.7 Technology and Technological Systems

1.35.5.7.1 Technology and Scientific Policy

1.35.5.7.2 Development and Design of Technological Systems

1.35.5.8 Social Systems and Institutions: Global, Environmental and Human Concerns: Toward Complete Specification of Planning

1.35.5.8.1 Planning

1.35.5.8.1.1 Levels and Models of Choice

1.35.5.8.1.2 Completion of the Models

1.35.5.8.2 Areas of Policy Formation and Decision-Making: Social, Global, and Environmental

1.35.5.8.2.1 Political - Public Decision Making: Levels, Modes and Alternatives

1.35.5.8.2.2 Policy Areas - Economic, Legal, Political, Social, Urban and Regional.
Environmental and Resources: Water, Land, Air, Space…Materials and Energy, Life, Human and Psycho-Social-Cultural, Information and Learning

1.35.5.8.2.3 Society and Individuals

1.35.5.8.3 Further Considerations

1.35.5.8.3.1 Outline of a Complete Set of Areas and Needs for Design: Planning Matrix

1.35.5.8.4 Levels of Global-Social Planning

1.35.6 Sciences of Design and Problem Solving: Formalizing Creativity and Evaluation of Design and Priorities

1.35.6.1.1 Extent to Which Design Can Be Reduced to Science; Rationalization Within Artifactual Contexts; Science of Design as an Element of Design and Social Process

1.35.6.1.2 Sources for the Topics

1.35.6.1.3 Further Modifications Necessary

1.35.6.2 Topics in a Science of Design

1.35.6.3 Area a. Modes of Analysis

1.35.6.3.1 1. Quantity and Quality

1.35.6.3.2 2. Quantification

1.35.6.3.3 3. Expression and Modes of Expression

1.35.6.4 Area B Analysis of Systems

1.35.6.4.1 4. System Analysis

1.35.6.4.2 5. Component Analysis and Analysis of the Scientific Categories

1.35.6.4.3 6. Empirical and Statistical Analysis

1.35.6.5 Area C. Evaluation

5.1.1.1.1 7. Theory of Evaluation. Basis in Evolution and Philosophy of Value. Optimization Vs. Sub-Optimization: Synchronic Vs. Diachronic Systems

5.1.1.1.2 8. Computational Methods

5.1.1.1.3 9. Formal Logic of Design

1.35.6.6 Area D. Problem Solution

1.35.6.6.1 Area D.1 Search for and Generation of Alternatives

5.1.1.1.4 10. Heuristic Search

5.1.1.1.5 11. Allocation of Resources

5.1.1.1.6 12. Theory of Systems With Structure

5.1.1.1.7 13. General and Evolutionary Analysis of Creativity

5.1.1.1.8 14. Representation of Design Problems

1.35.6.6.2 Area D.2 Problem Solving for Complex Systems

1.35.6.6.2.1 Analysis, Problem Solving for Complex Systems; Iterative-Evolutionary Problem Solving

1.35.6.6.2.1.1 Description and Concept Formation

1.35.6.6.2.1.2 Analysis and Problem Solving

1.35.6.6.2.1.3 Concept Formation, Analysis and Problem Solving When Control [or Understanding or Computational Capacity] is Incomplete

1.35.6.6.2.2 Comments on Empirical and Rational Elements

5.1.1.1.8.1.1 1. Inclusion of Rational and Empirical Elements

5.1.1.1.8.1.2 2. Interaction of Rational and Empirical Elements. Origin in the Real

5.1.1.1.8.1.3 3. Rationality in Design

5.1.1.1.8.1.4 4. Empirical Elements in Design

5.1.1.1.8.1.5 5. Unity of Rational and Empirical Analysis in Both Knowledge and Design

5.1.1.1.8.1.6 6. Distribution of Design and Intelligence is Consistent With Phases and Modes of Process

5.1.1.1.8.1.7 7. Optimum Distribution of Effort, of Degree of Centralization and Control

5.1.1.1.8.1.8 8. Application to Knowledge

5.1.1.1.8.1.9 9. Derivation of Incremental, Developmental Approaches

1.35.6.6.2.3 Mythic Elements

1.35.6.7 Area E. Open Problems in Science of Design

1.35.6.7.1 Problems Outlined in 5.3.5

1.35.6.7.2 Transformation of General Problems of Design to Science

1.35.7 A Classification of Application Areas

1.35.7.1 Planning Levels - Constraints

1.35.7.2 Planning Levels - Constraints and Interactions for Which Control is Possible

1.35.8 Examples of Design and Planning Activities…Towards a Complete and Structured Set

1.35.8.1 Global Planning and Design

1.35.8.1.1.1 World Government

1.35.8.1.1.2 Design of Change

1.35.8.1.1.3 Alternatives

1.36 Some Application Areas: Detailed Considerations

1.36.1 Global, Social, Environmental Design and Planning

1.36.1.1 Sketch of Considerations

1.36.1.1.1 Provision for Society, Individuals, and Environment

1.36.1.1.2 Provision for Society

1.36.1.1.3 Provision for the Individual

1.36.1.1.4 Provision for the Environment

1.36.1.2 Fundamental Problems

1.36.2 Engineering and Engineering Design. Professions

1.36.2.1 Pure Knowledge

1.36.2.2 Applied Knowledge

1.36.2.3 Technology

1.36.2.4 Engineering as a Profession

1.36.2.5 Engineering Activities

1.36.2.6 History of Engineering

1.36.2.6.1 Ancient

1.36.2.6.2 Modern - Since the 17^th Century

1.36.2.6.3 Twentieth Century

1.36.2.7 Trends

1.36.2.7.1 Engineering and Other Professions

1.36.2.7.2 A Classification of the Professions

1.36.2.7.2.1 Creative Transformations

1.36.2.7.2.2 Conservation

1.36.2.7.2.3 Efficiency and Organization

1.36.2.8 Engineering Activities

1.36.2.8.1.1 Engineering

1.36.2.8.1.2 Design

1.36.2.8.1.3 Implementation

1.36.2.9 Engineering Design

1.36.2.9.1 Design as the Central Activity of Engineering

1.36.2.9.2 The Process of Design and its Context

1.36.2.9.3 Hierarchic Procedures

1.36.2.9.4 Functionality and Context

1.36.2.9.5 Creativity

1.36.2.9.6 Systems and Elements

1.36.2.9.7 Methods and Heuristics

1.36.2.9.8 Psychological Factors

1.36.2.9.9 Personal, Social and Environmental Factors

1.36.2.9.10 Management of Creativity

1.36.2.10 Special and Non-Conventional Aspects of Creativity

1.36.2.10.1 Special Versions of the Process

1.36.2.10.2 Creativity in Science and Art

1.36.2.10.3 Technical Invention. Some Significant Inventors:

1.36.2.10.4 Factors in Technical Invention

1.36.2.10.5 Study of Creativity in Modern Institutions and Government

1.36.2.10.6 Independently Creative Individuals

1.36.2.10.7 Creativity is the Generation and Evaluation of Alternatives

1.36.2.10.8 Tools Knowledge, and Language for Design

1.36.2.10.9 Design Elements

1.36.3 Personal Design. Apollo and Dionysius

1.36.4 Design for Knowledge and Institutions of Learning

1.36.4.1 Rational Design for Knowledge Can Only Occur After Rationality and Empirical Activities Become Institutionalized and is Limited to the Extent That Development is Under Control of Rational Faculties. Evolutionary Design as Discussed in §5.3.5.4.2 May Occur If the Phrase “Under Control of Rational Faculties” is Replaced by “Influenced by Reason and Intuition.”

1.36.4.1.1 1. Understanding Origins and the Potential for Knowledge

1.36.4.1.2 2. Provision of Occasions for Development. Institutions of Learning. The Functions of the University

1.36.4.1.3 3. Models for Development of Occasions and Potential for Knowledge - Creative, Design, Philosophical, Art, and Science

1.36.4.1.4 4 Synthesis of Principles and Method

1.36.4.1.5 Potential Applications

1.36.4.1.6 Ernest Becker on Synthesis

1.36.4.1.7 Ernst Mayr on Design of Research or Scientific Programs

1.36.4.1.8 Ernest Becker on Content Vs. Method

1.36.4.2 What Are the Fundamental Problems of Knowledge?

1.36.4.3 Design of a Knowledge Base

1.37 An Outline of Knowledge for General Design

1.37.1 Awareness

1.37.2 Values

1.37.3 Knowledge

1.37.4 Design Methods

1.37.5 Action

1.37.6 Evaluation, Feedback and Learning

1.38 Towards General and Universal Design

1.38.1 Open Problems of Design

1.38.1.1 Method

1.38.1.2 Content

1.38.1.3 Background

1.38.2 Problems in Specific Levels of Design

1.38.3 Significant Modern and Emerging Design Problems

6 Action

1.39 The Nature of Action

1.39.1 Philosophies and Psychologies of Action

1.39.2 Philosophies of Life

1.39.3 Action as Philosophy

1.40 Action and Control

1.41 Synthesis of Being, Action, Motivation

1.42 Open Problems

7 Learning…and Transformation

1.43 Evaluation of Design and Designs

1.43.1 Was the Design or Plan Implemented?

1.43.2 Is Design [Verb or Noun] or Planning Effective?

1.43.3 Is the Design Efficient?

1.44 Personal Evaluation: Dimensions of Being or Growth

1.45 Engineering Evaluation: Other Professional Systems

1.46 Evaluation of Global Systems

1.47 Learning and Feedback

1.48 Evaluation of Awareness

8 Destinations: the Future of Evolution and Design

1.49 The Purpose and Plan for Area 8

1.49.1 Introduction and Assessment of Progress

1.49.2 The Concept of “Text”

1.49.3 The Essential Content of Area 8

1.49.4 The Present State of Area 8

1.49.5 Plans for Area 8

1.49.5.1 Immediate

1.49.5.2 Version 2 Part I

1.49.5.3 Version 2 Part II

1.49.5.4 Readings

1.50 The Original Outline Version of Area 8 Written in March of 1988

1.50.1 Review

1.50.2 Open Problems for this Work

1.50.3 Future of the Work

1.50.3.1 Technical Aspects

1.50.3.1.1 The Open Problems of 8.2

1.50.3.1.1.1 Philosophy…Knowledge and Values…Design

1.50.3.1.1.2 Social…Technical…

1.50.3.1.1.3 Global…National…Individual

1.50.3.1.2 Systematic Treatments

1.50.3.1.3 Update

1.50.3.2 Related Work and Plans

1.50.3.3 Publicity and Publication

1.50.3.4 Plans for Publicity and Persuasion

1.50.4 Additions

Philosophy of Mind