CONCEPTUAL LISTING OF MACROPAEDIA ARTICLES

Encyclopaedia Britannica Macropaedia Articles: Conceptual Listing

The listing is at three levels; currently, the internal links for this document are set for only the main divisions:

0 KNOWLEDGE -- 1 MATTER AND ENERGY -- 2 EARTH -- 3 LIFE -- 4 HUMANKIND -- 5 SOCIETY AND CULTURE -- 6 ART -- 7 TECHNOLOGY -- 8 RELIGION -- 9 HISTORY

To an Alphabetic Listing

Discussion

Anil Mitra, Ph. D., Horizon Knowledge Enterprises

The numbering here of the main divisions is from 0 to 9 rather than from 1 to 10. This is conceptually suggestive since divisions 1 through 9 outline knowledge of the world [universe] while division 0 is on knowledge [of knowledge itself.]

Each of the 717 Macropaedia articles is in the list under a conceptually appropriate Propaedia [the Britannica outline of knowledge] topic at one of the three levels.

The article titles are actually links to the Britannica outlines to the articles. These outlines are links to content; so the listing here provides organization and logical access to the Macropaedia encyclopaedic knowledge base.

For Further Development

The conceptual placements are not unique; presently alternates are not provided; alternates are provided in the listing database that I have constructed.

Non-uniqueness of conceptual placement is not at all a weakness. Given a [contingent] degree of boundedness to rationality and perception, non-uniqueness shows adaptive flexibility of perception. One of the objectives of the present construction of a specific concetpual database format to the Britannica knowledge base is as a preliminary to flexible, multiple conceptual database formats to universal knowledge bases. Database manipulation and comparison, guided and programmed by a conceptually informed individual or group and in combination with human manipulation and comparison will, it is hypothesized, yield further knowledge and understanding.

The Listing [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

0 Knowledge

01 Logic

01The History and Kinds of Logic

011 History and Philosophy of Logic

012 Formal Logic, Metalogic, and Applied Logic

02 Mathematics

021 History and Foundations of Mathematics

021The Foundations of Mathematics
021The History of Mathematics

022 Branches of Mathematics

022Algebra
022Analysis (in Mathematics)
022Arithmetic
022Combinatorics and Combinatorial Geometry
022Geometry
022Number Games and Other Mathematical Recreations
022Number Theory
022Probability Theory
022Set Theory
022Topology
022Trigonometry

023 Applications of Mathematics

023Automata Theory
023Game Theory
023Information Theory
023Numerical Analysis
023The Mathematical Theory of Optimization
023Statistics

03 Science

031 History and Philosophy of Science

031Archimedes
031Niels Bohr
031Nicolaus Copernicus
031Charles Darwin
031Thomas Alva Edison
031Albert Einstein
031Michael Faraday
031Galileo
031Carl Friedrich Gauss
031William Harvey
031Werner Heisenberg
031Hermann von Helmholtz
031Kelvin
031Johannes Kepler
031Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
031James Clerk Maxwell
031Sir Isaac Newton
031Louis Pasteur
031Max Planck
031Ernest Rutherford
031The History of Science

032 The Physical Sciences

032Principles of Physical Science
032The Physical Sciences

033 The Earth Sciences

033The Earth Sciences

034 The Biological Sciences

034The Biological Sciences

035 Medicine and Affiliated Disciplines

035Medicine

036 The Social Sciences and Psychology and Linguistics

036Linguistics
036The Social Sciences

037 The Technological Sciences

037Drafting
037Engineering
037Industrial Engineering and Production Management
037Materials Science
037The History of Technology

04 History and the Humanities

041 Historiography and the Study of History

041The Study of History

042 The Humanities and Humanistic Scholarship

042Desiderius Erasmus
042Humanism

05 Philosophy

051 History of Philosophy

051The History of Western Philosophy
051The History of Western Political Philosophy
051Classical Scholarship

052 The Nature and the Divisions of Philosophy

052Aesthetics
052Epistemology
052Ethics
052Indian Philosophy
052Metaphysics
052The Philosophy of Mind
052Philosophical Anthropology
052Philosophies of the Branches of Knowledge
052Rhetoric

053 Philosophical Schools and Doctrines

053Aristotle and Aristotelianism
053Augustine
053Francis Bacon
053René Descartes and Cartesianism
053Hegel and Hegelianism
053David Hume
053Immanuel Kant and Kantianism
053John Locke
053Karl Marx and Marxism
053John Stuart Mill
053Friedrich Nietzsche
053Blaise Pascal
053Western Philosophical Schools and Doctrines
053Plato and Platonism
053Jean-Jacques Rousseau
053Adam Smith
053Socrates
053Thomas Aquinas and Thomism

06 Preservation of Knowledge

061 Institutions and Techniques for the Collection, Storage, Dissemination, and Preservation of

061Libraries
061Museums

062 Storage and Retrieval of Information

062Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries

063 Institutions for the Advancement and Dissemination of Knowledge

063Publishing

1 Matter and Energy [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

11 Atoms: Atomic Nuclei and Elementary Particles

111 The Structure and Properties of Atoms

111Atoms: Their Structure, Properties, and Component Particles

112 The Atomic Nucleus and Elementary Particles

112Particle Accelerators
112Subatomic Particles

12 Energy, Radiation, and the States and Transformation of Matter

12Radiation

121 Chemical Elements: Periodic Variation in Their Properties

121Chemical Elements

122 Chemical Compounds: Molecular Structure and Chemical Bonding

122Physical and Chemical Analysis and Measurement
122Chemical Bonding
122Chemical Compounds

123 Chemical Reactions

123Chemical Reactions

124 Heat, Thermodynamics, and the Nonsolid States of Matter

124Matter: Its Properties, States, Varieties, and Behaviour
124Principles of Thermodynamics

125 The Solid State of Matter

126 Mechanics of Particles, Rigid Bodies, and Deformable Bodies: Elasticity, Vibrations, and Flow

126Gravitation
126Mechanics: Energy, Forces, and Their Effects
126Relativity
126Sound

127 Electricity and Magnetism

127Colour
127Electricity and Magnetism
127Electromagnetic Radiation
127Light
127Principles of Optics

128 Waves and Wave Motion

13 The Universe: Galaxies, Stars, the Solar System

131 The Cosmos

131The Cosmos

132 Galaxies and Stars

132Galaxies
132Nebula
132Stars and Star Clusters

133 The Solar System

133Calendar
133Eclipse, Occultation, and Transit
133The Solar System

2 Earth [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

21 The Earth's Properties, Structure, and Composition

21The Earth: Its Properties, Composition, and Structure

211 The Planet Earth

212 The Earth's Physical Properties

213 The Structure and Composition of the Earth's Interior

214 The Earth's Constituent Minerals and Rocks

214Minerals and Rocks

22 The Earth's Envelope: Its Atmosphere and Hydrosphere

221 The Atmosphere

221Atmosphere

222 The Hydrosphere: the Oceans, Freshwater Bodies, and Ice Masses

222The Arctic
222The Atlantic Ocean
222The Hydrosphere
222Ice and Ice Formations
222The Indian Ocean
222Lakes
222Oceans
222The Pacific Ocean
222Rivers

223 Weather and Climate

223Climate and Weather

23 The Earth's Surface Features

23Antarctica

23Australia

23Continental Landforms

23North America

23South America

231 Physical Features of the Earth's Surface

231Geography
231Soils

232 Features Produced by Geomorphic Processes Acting on the Earth's Surface

232Earthquakes
232Volcanism

24 The Earth's History

241 Origin and Development of the Earth and Its Envelopes

241Plate Tectonics

242 The Interpretation of the Geologic Record

242Geochronology: The Interpretation and Dating of the Geologic Record

243 The Eras and Periods of Geologic Time

3 Life [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

31 The Nature and Diversity of Living Things

311 Characteristics of Living Things

311Biological Coloration

312 The Origin of Life and the Evolution of Living Things

312The Theory of Evolution

313 The Classification of Living Things

32 The Molecular Basis of Vital Processes

321 Chemicals and the Vital Processes

321Proteins
321Carbohydrates
321Lipids
321Nucleic Acids
321Vitamins
321Hormones

322 Metabolism: Bioenergetics and Biosynthesis

323 Vital Processes at the Molecular Level

323Photosynthesis

33 The Structures and Functions of Organisms

331 The Cellular Basis of Form and Function

331Cells: Their Structures and Functions

332 The Relation of Form and Function in Organisms

333 Coordination of Vital Processes: Regulation and Integration

333Endocrine Systems
333Nerves and Nervous Systems
333Sensory Reception

334 Covering and Support: Integumentary, Skeletal, and Musculatory Systems

334Integumentary Systems
334Muscles and Muscle Systems
334Supportive and Connective Tissues

335 Nutrition: the Procurement and Processing of Nutrients

335Digestion and Digestive Systems
335Excretion and Excretory Systems
335Metabolism

336 Gas Exchange, Internal Transport, and Elimination

336Circulation and Circulatory Systems
336Respiration and Respiratory Systems

337 Reproduction and Sex

337Reproduction and Reproductive Systems
337Sex and Sexuality

338 Development: Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis

338Biological Growth and Development

339 Heredity: the Transmission of Traits

339The Principles of Genetics and Heredity

34 Behavioral Responses of Organisms

341 Nature and Patterns of Behavioral Responses

341Animal Behaviour
341Mimicry

342 Development and Range of Behavioral Capacities: Individual and Group Behavior

342Animal Learning

35 The Biosphere: the World of Living Things

351 Basic Features of the Biosphere

351The Biosphere and Concepts of Ecology

352 Biological Populations and Communities

353 Hazards of Life in the Biosphere: Disease and Death

354 Biogeographic Distribution of Organisms: Ecosystems

355 The Place of Humans in the Biosphere

355Domestic Cats
355Dogs
355Horses and Horsemanship

4 Humankind [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

41 Stages in the Development of Human Life on Earth

411 Human Evolution

411Human Evolution

412 Human Heredity: the Races of Mankind

42 The Human Organism: Health and Disease

42Alcohol and Drug Consumption

421 The Structures and Functions of the Human Body

421Blood

422 Human Health

422Exercise and Physical Conditioning
422Immunity
422Nutrition
422Sleep and Dreams

423 Human Diseases

423Cancer
423Childhood Diseases and Disorders
423Disease
423Infectious Diseases
423Mental Disorders and Their Treatment
423Occupational Diseases and Disorders
423Poisons and Poisoning

424 The Practice of Medicine and the Care of Health

424Birth Control
424Death
424Diagnosis and Therapeutics
424Drugs and Drug Action
424Organ and Tissue Transplants

43 Human Behavior and Experience

43Psychological Tests and Measurement

431 Human Nature and Experience: General Considerations

432 Influence of the Current Environment on a Person's Behavior and Conscious Experience: Attention, Sensation, and Perception

432Attention
432Human Perception

433 Current Internal States Affecting a Person's Behavior and Conscious Experience

433Human Emotion
433Human Motivation

434 Persisting Capacities and Inclinations That Influence Human Behavior and Conscious Experience

434Memory

435 Development of a Person's Potentials: Learning and Thinking

435The Development of Human Behaviour
435Human Intelligence
435Human Learning and Cognition
435Thought and Thought Processes

436 Personality and the Self: Integration and Disintegration of the Person as a Whole

436Sigmund Freud
436Personality

5 Society and Culture [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

51 Social Groups: Peoples and Cultures

511 Peoples and Cultures of the World

511Native American Peoples
511Asian Peoples and Cultures

512 The Development of Human Culture

513 Major Cultural Components and Institutions of Human Societies

513The Concept and Components of Culture

514 Language and Communication

514Communication
514Language
514Languages of the World
514Names
514Speech
514Writing

515Nations and Political Regions

516Cities

52 Social Organization and Social Change

521 Social Structure and Change

521Social Structure and Change

522 The Group Structure of Society

522Collective Behaviour
522Family and Kinship

523 Social Status

524 Human Populations: Urban and Rural Communities

524Cities
524Population

53 The Production, Distribution, and Utilization of Wealth

53Conservation of Natural Resources

531 Economic Concepts, Issues, and Systems

531Acounting
531Banks and Banking
531Economic Systems
531Economic Theory
531Insurance
531Money
531Public Administration
531Industrial and Organizational Relations
531Labour Economics
531Organized Labour: Trade Unionism

532 The Consumer and the Market: Pricing and the Mechanisms for Distributing Goods

532International Trade

533 The Organization of Production and Distribution

533Coins and Coinage
533Marketing and Merchandising
533Markets
533History of the Organization of Work

534 The Distribution of Income and Wealth

534Social Welfare
534Taxation

535 Macroeconomics

536 Economic Growth and Planning

536Economic Growth and Planning
536Government Finance

54 Politics and Government

541 Political Theory

541The Forms of Government: Their Historical Development
541Human Rights
541Ideology
541Land Reform and Tenure
541Political Systems
541Socialism
541Communism
541Anarchism
541Fascism
541Nationalism
541Liberalism
541Conservatism

542 Political Institutions: the Structure, Branches, and Offices of Government

542Constitution and Constitutional Government
542Intelligence and Counterintelligence

543 The Functioning of Government: the Dynamics of the Political Process

543Diplomacy
543Political Parties and Interest Groups
543Propaganda
543Public Opinion

544 International Relations: Peace and War

544United Nations

55 Law

551 Philosophies and Systems of Law; the Practice of Law

551Judicial and Arbitrational Systems
551The Profession and Practice of Law
551The Evolution of Modern Western Legal Systems
551Police
551Procedural Law

552 Branches of Public Law, Substantive and Procedural

552Constitutional Law
552International Law
552Transportation Law

553 Branches of Private Law, Substantive and Procedural

553Business Law
553Business Organization
553Crime and Punishment
553Criminal Law
553Family Law
553Inheritance and Succession
553Property Law
553Slavery
553Torts

56 Education

561 The Aims and Organization of Education

561History of Education
561Teaching

562 Education Around the World

57 Subsistence and Leisure

571 The Means of Subsistence

572 Leisure and play

572Circus
572Gastronomy
572Olympic Games
572Major Team and Individual Sports

6 Art [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

61 Art in General

61Folk Arts

611 Theory and Classification of the Arts

611Practice and Profession of the Arts

612 Experience and Criticism of Works of Art; the Nonaesthetic Context of Art

612Censorship

613 Characteristics of the Arts in Particular Cultures

613African Arts
613Arts of Native American Peoples
613Central Asian Arts
613East Asian Arts
613Ancient Egyptian Arts and Architecture
613Islamic Arts
613Ancient Middle Eastern Arts and Architecture
613Oceanic Arts
613South Asian Arts
613Southeast Asian Arts

62 The Particular Arts

621 Literature

622 Theatre

622Puppetry
622The Art of the Theatre
622The History of Western Theatre
622Theatrical Production

623 Motion Pictures

623Motion Pictures

624 Music

624Johann Sebastian Bach
624Ludwig van Beethoven
624Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
624The Art of Music
624The History of Western Music
624Musical Forms and Genres
624Musical Instruments

625 Dance

625The Art of Dance
625The History of Western Dance

626 Architecture, Garden and Landscape Design, and Urban Design

626The Art of Architecture
626The History of Western Architecture
626Garden and Landscape Design
626Gardening and Horticulture

627 Sculpture

627The Art of Sculpture
627The History of Western Sculpture

628 Drawing, Painting, Printmaking, and Photography

628Drawing
628Leonardo da Vinci
628Michelangelo
628The Art of Painting
628The History of Western Painting
628Photography
628Pablo Picasso
628Printing, Typography, and Photoengraving
628Printmaking
628Rembrandt
628Titian
628Diego Velázquez

629 Arts of Decoration and Functional Design

629Decorative Arts and Furnishings
629Dress and Adornment
629Heraldry

7 Technology [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

71 The Nature and Development of Technology

711 Technology: Its Scope and History

712 The Organization of Human Work

712Henry Ford

72 Elements of Technology

721 Technology of Energy Conversion and Utilization

721Energy Conversion

722 Technology of Tools and Machines

722Tools

723 Technology of Measurement, Observation, and Control

723Measurement Systems
723Microscopes
723Radar
723Telescopes

724 Extraction and Conversion of Industrial Raw Materials

724Fossil Fuels
724Industrial Glass and Ceramics
724Chemical Industry
724Extraction and Processing Industries
724Salt
724Soaps and Detergents
724Dyes
724Pharmaceutical Industry
724Explosives
724Rubber
724Plastics and Resins
724Man-made Fibres
724Paints and Varnishes
724Adhesives
724Papermaking

725 Technology of Industrial Production Processes

73 Major Fields of Technology

731 Agriculture and Food Production

731Agricultural Sciences
731The History of Agriculture
731Tea
731Farming and Agricultural Technology
731Commercial Fishing
731Food Processing
731Forestry and Wood Production
731Coffee
731Beer
731Wine
731Distilled Spirits
731Soft Drinks

732 Technology of the Major Industries

732Automotive Industry
732Textile Industries
732Aerospace Industry
732Ship Construction
732Clothing and Footwear Industry
732Floor Coverings
732Furniture Industry

733 Construction Technology

733Building Construction
733Roads and Highways
733Bridges

734 Transportation Technology

734Navigation
734Transportation
734Canals and Inland Waterways
734Dams
734Harbours and Sea Works
734Lighthouses
734Environmental Works
734Airports
734Tunnels and Underground Excavation

735 Technology of Information Processing and of Communications Systems

735Automation
735Broadcasting
735Computer Science
735Computers
735Cryptology
735Electronics
735Information Processing and Information Systems
735Postal Systems
735Telecommunications Systems

736 Military Technology

736The Technology of War
736The Theory and Conduct of War

737 Technology of the Urban Community

737Modernization and Industrialization

738 Technology of Earth and Space Exploration

738Exploration
738Mapping and Surveying

8 Religion [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

81 Religion in General

811 Knowledge and Understanding of Religion

811The Study and Classification of Religions
811Religious Experience
811Religious Symbolism and Iconography
811Theology

812 The Religious Life: Institutions and Practices

812Religious Doctrines and Dogmas
812Systems of Religious and Spiritual Belief
812Sacred Rites and Ceremonies
812Sacred Offices and Orders

82 The Particular Religions

821 Prehistoric Religion and Primitive Religion

821Myth and Mythology
821Occultism

822 Religions of Ancient Peoples

822Ancient European Religions
822Ancient Middle Eastern Religions
822Mystery Religions

823 Hinduism and Other Religions of India

823Hinduism
823Jainism
823Sikhism

824 Buddhism

824The Buddha and Buddhism

825 Indigenous Religions of East Asia: Religions of China, Korea, and Japan

825Confucius and Confucianism
825Shinto
825Taoism

826 Judaism

826Judaism
826Moses

827 Christianity

827Biblical Literature and Its Critical Interpretation
827John Calvin and Calvinism
827Christianity
827Eastern Orthodoxy
827Jesus: The Christ and Christology
827Martin Luther
827The Apostle Paul
827Protestantism
827Roman Catholicism

828 Islam

828Muhammad and the Religion of Islam
828Mecca and Medina

829 Other Religions and Religious Movements in the Modern World

829Zoroastrianism and Parsiism

9 History [Back to the Top]

To The Divisions: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

9European History and Culture

9Prehistoric Peoples and Cultures

9The History of the Eurasian Steppe

91 Ancient Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe

911 Early Peoples and Civilizations of Southwest Asia and Egypt, the Aegean, and North Africa

911The History of Ancient Mesopotamia

912 Peoples of Ancient Europe and the Classical Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean World to AD 395

912Alexander the Great
912Augustus
912Caesar
912Constantine the Great
912Ancient Greek and Roman Civilizations

92 Medieval Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia

921 Western Europe, the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire, and Eastern Europe from AD 395 to c 1050

921The History of the Byzantine Empire
921Charlemagne

922 The Formative Period in Islamic History, from AD 622 to c 1055

923 Western Christendom in the High and Later Middle Ages (c 1050-c 1500)

923The House of Habsburg
923The History of the Holy Roman Empire
923Joan of Arc

924 The Crusading Movement, the Islamic States of Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe, and the States of Eastern Christendom from c 1050 to c 1480

924The Crusades

93 Peoples and Traditional Civilizations of East, Central, South, and Southeast Asia

931 China to the Beginning of the Late T'ang (AD 755)

932 China from the Late T'ang (AD 755) to the Late Ch'ing (c 1839)

933 Inner (Central and Northeast) Asia to c 1750

933Genghis Khan

934 Japan to the Meiji Restoration (1868), and Korea to 1910

935 The Indian Subcontinent and Ceylon to c AD 1200

936 The Indian Subcontinent from c 1200 to 1761, and Ceylon from c 1200 to 1505

937 The Peoples and Civilizations of Southeast Asia to c 1600

94 Sub-Saharan Africa to 1885

941 West Africa to c 1885

942 The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia from c AD 550 to 1885

943 East Africa and Madagascar to c 1885

944 Central Africa to c 1885

945 Southern Africa to c 1885

95 Pre-Columbian America

95Pre-Columbian Civilizations

951 Andean Civilization to c AD 1540

952 Meso-American Civilization to c AD 1540

96 The Modern World to 1920

96The History of European Overseas Exploration and Empires

961 Western Europe from c 1500 to c 1789

961The House of Bourbon
961Christopher Columbus
961Oliver Cromwell
961Elizabeth I of England
961Frederick the Great
961Peter I the Great, of Russia
961Victoria and the Victorian Age
961Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

962 Eastern Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa from c 1480 to c 1800

963 Europe from 1789 to c 1920

963Otto von Bismarck
963Vladimir Ilich Lenin
963Napoleon

964 European Colonies in the Americas from 1492 to c 1790

964Benjamin Franklin
964George Washington

965 Development of the United States and Canada from 1763 to 1920

965Thomas Jefferson
965Abraham Lincoln

966 Development of the Latin-American and Caribbean Nations to c 1920

966The History of Latin America

967 Australia and Oceania to c 1920

968 South Asia Under the Influence of European Imperialism from c 1500 to c 1920

969 Southeast Asia Under the Influence of European Imperialism to c 1920

9610 China from 1839 Until the Onset of Revolution (to c 1911), and Japan from the Meiji Restoration to c 1910

9611 Southwest Asia and North Africa (c 1800-1920), and Sub-Saharan Africa (1885-c 1920) Under the Influence of European Imperialism: the Early Colonial Period

97 The World Since 1920

971 International Movements, Diplomacy, and War Since 1920

97120th-Century International Relations
971The World Wars

972 Europe Since c 1920

972Sir Winston Churchill
972Adolf Hitler
972Joseph Stalin

973 The United States and Canada Since 1920

973Franklin D. Roosevelt

974 Latin-American and Caribbean Nations Since c 1920

975 East Asia: China in Revolution, the Era of Japanese Hegemony, and the Influence of the United States in the 20th Century

975Mao Zedong

976 South and Southeast Asia: the Late Colonial Period and the Emergence of New Nations Since 1920 Australia and Oceania Since 1920

976Mahatma Gandhi

977 Australia and Oceania Since 1920

978 Southwest Asia and Africa: the Late Colonial Period and the Emergence of New Nations in the 20th Century

978Atatürk