KNOWLEDGE FOCI FOR JOURNEY IN BEING
ANIL MITRA PH D, COPYRIGHT © JANUARY 2001, REVISED January 2008
POSSIBLE KNOWLEDGE FOCI FOR JOURNEY IN BEING
Introduction: objectives and plan
Other Elements of the Western Tradition
COPYRIGHT AND MOST RECENT UPDATE
Study
of the following ideas and individuals will be incorporated in History
&or History
of Western Philosophy &or Journey in Being
The listing is selective according to:
Fundamental significance
Significance to Journey in Being
Items have not received adequate treatment in one of the documents just noted
Research: see Object System and Functions, Sources
Much of the following is done
Learn just enough to “close the map” by analogy then proof
Sources from History, History of Western Philosophy…
Research topics – mine or reference to others work – that may be included:
Topics that I think are fundamental to being
Topics that support a need for Journey in Being
The philosophers selected are those important for future study; History of Western Philosophy has a more complete listing
Round out metaphysics – includes epistemology, logic, axiology, language, theory of being; complete my philosophical education
Metaphysics of Presence
Paradox, thinkability, and knowability; possibility and necessity
Topics for metaphysics for Journey in Being: general metaphysics, philosophy and theory of being; kinds of knowledge, knowledge and justification; evolution, design and the absolute
Philosophy, etymologically ‘love of wisdom’ comes to mean different things in different ages. Here, the tradition according to ‘History of Western Philosophy’ is emphasized. Also, I take philosophers to be those who express certain kinds of ideas in words, usually written, rather than in their lives
In following a natural tendency to emphasize recent philosophy, I might include the recent philosophers Nietzsche, Russell, Popper, Heidegger, Wittgenstein and Whitehead among the great. It has been said Russell, Popper, Heidegger and Wittgenstein are the four great philosophers of the 20th century and each has a following who would affirm him as the greatest in that century. I believe that Whitehead should be included among the handful of 20th century ‘greats:’ Whitehead’s thought rises to Platonic heights and, though his style of philosophy has never found much favor in recent times, his thought includes true philosophy in contrast to being the philosophy of something as is the case for much of the writing of Russell, Wittgenstein and Popper and, to a lesser degree, that of Heidegger. Nietzsche, Whitehead, Russell and Popper are included in the Recent Philosophers, below; Heidegger and Wittgenstein and their works are treated extensively in History of Western Philosophy. Of the philosophers mentioned in this paragraph, Nietzsche is the only one I include among the ‘great’ of all time
Listed temporally
Before
Plato
The significance of the Greek period before Plato includes the origin of a
written tradition of the reflective consciousness of ideas [starting with
Thales,] the origin [the Eleatic School and the Sophists] and first maturation
of critical thought [Socrates and his legend]
Plato
The “important” aspects [for now] of Plato are:
Knowledge: Parmenides [theory of forms]
Cosmology: Timaeus
Politics: Republic
A source for Plato:The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Edith Hamilton and
Huntington Cairnes eds., 1961
The traditional order of Plato’s works: Euthyphron [Euthyphro]; Apologia
Sokratous [Apology]; Criton [Crito]; Phaedon
[Phaedo]; Cratylos [Cratylus]; Theaetetos [Theaetetus]; Sophistes
[Sophist]; Politikos [Statesman]; Parmenides; Philebos
[Philebus]; Symposion [Symposium]; Phaedros [Phaedrus]; Alkibiades
[Alcibiades]; Hipparchos [Hipparchus]; Erastai [Lovers]; Charmides;
Laches; Lysis; Euthydemos [Euthydemus]; Protagoras;
Gorgias; Menon [Meno]; Hippias Meizon [Hippias
Major]; Hippias Elatton [Hippias Minor]; Ion; Menexenos
[Menexenus]; Politeia [Republic]; Timaeos [Timeaus]; Critias;
Nomoi [Laws]; and Epinomis
Aristotle
Aristotle’s works divide into [EB]
Logic [Organon;]
Natural Philosophy [physical - Physike, Peri ouranou
– On the Heavens, Peri geneseos kai phthoras (On Generation and
Corruption; On Coming to Be and Passing Away;) Meteorologika
(Meteorology;) biological – Peri ta zoa historiai (History
of Animals;) Peri zoon morion (Parts of Animals;) Peri
zoon kineseos (Movement of Animals;) Peri poreias zoon
(Progression of Animals;) Peri zoon geneseos (Generation
of Animals)
Psychobiological – the collective Parva Naturalia on
psychobiological topics – Peri aistheseos (On the Senses
and Their Objects; On Sense and Sensible Objects;) Peri mnemes
kai anamneseos (On Memory and Recollection;) Peri hypnou kai
egregorseos (On Sleep and Waking;) Peri enypnion
(On Dreams;) Peri tes kath hypnon mantikes (On Divination
in Sleep; On Prophecy in Sleep;) Peri makrobiotetos kai brachybiotetos
(On Length and Shortness of Life;) Peri neotetos kai geros
(On Youth and Old Age;) Peri zoes kai thanatou (On Life and
Death;) Peri anapnoes (On Respiration)]
Psychology [Peri psyches and the collective Parva Naturalia]
Metaphysics [Ta meta ta physika]
Ethics [Nichomachean and Eudemian Ethics] and Politics
[Politics]
Aesthetics and Literature [Rhetoric and the incomplete Peri
poietikes]
Descartes,
Rene
Le Monde [the World,] completed 1633, published 1664
Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii [Rules
for the Direction of the Mind; in which Descartes gave four rules for
reasoning: 1. Accept nothing as true that is not self-evident, 2. Divide problems into their simplest parts, 3. Solve problems by
proceeding from simple to complex, 4. Recheck the reasoning,] written by 1628
published 1701
Discours de la méthode [Discourse on Method], 1637
Meditationes de Prima Philosophia [Meditations on First Philosophy in Which Is
Proved the Existence of God and the Immortality of the Soul; includes Decartes’
reflections on methodical doubt] 1641
Spinoza,
Benedict de
Ethica [Ethics] written roughly over 1660-1675, published posthumously
[Spinoza died in 1677 and the work was published after his death in that year]
Locke,
John
An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, 1690
Two Treatises of Government, 1690
Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 1693
Hume,
David
A Treatise of Human Nature, [in three books on the topics of understanding,
emotion and morals,] 1739–40
An Abstract of… A Treatise of Human Nature, 1740
Essays, Moral and Political, 1741–42
Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding, 1748; a rewriting of the
first book of the Treatise [which Hume repudiated as immature] with the additioin
of the essay “On Miracles;” later editions entitled An Enquiry Concerning Human
Understanding
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, 1751
Political Discourses, 1752
Four Dissertations, 1757
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 1779
Kant,
Immanuel
Critique of Pure Reason, trs. 1929, 1951, original German edition, Critik
der reinen Vernunft, 1781, rev. ed. Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1787
Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics, trs. 1951, Prolegomena zur einer jeden künftigen
Metaphysik die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können, 1783
Critique of Practical Reason, trs. 1949, Critik der practischen Vernunft 1788
Critique of Judgment, vol. 1, Kant's Critique of Aesthetic Judgment and vol. 2,
Critique of Teleological Judgment, 1911–28, republished 1952, Critik der Urteilskraft
1790, 2nd ed. 1793
Hegel,
George Wilhelm Friedrich
The Phenomenology of Mind, 1807, trs. J. B. Baille, 1967
Science of Logic, 1812-1816 [Objective Logic, 1812 and Subjective Logic,
1816]
Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline, 1817 [Logic,
Nature, Mind]
The Philosophy of Right, 1821, trs. J. B. Baille, 1952
Lecture Notes on Aesthetics, Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy
of History, and History of Philosophy, written about 1823-1827
Schopenhauer,
Arthur
On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason: a Philosophical
Essay, 1813
The World as Will and Representation, in two volumes, Volume I, trs. E. F. J.
Payne, 1958, original German edition, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, 1819;
Volume II, trs. E. F. J. Payne, 1958, the original German edition of Volume II
appears with the second edition of the work in 1844 in which Volume I is
essentially unchanged; a third German edition was published in 1859
Parerga and Paralimpomena [minor works and remnants,] 1851
Nietzsche,
Friedrich
Nietzsche is treated in Recent Philosophers
Essays on Evolutionary Epistemology, WW Bartley III, ed
Ernst Mayr for teleology, teleonomy
Searle / examples of speech acts and so on; propositions and propositional attitudes, questions, exclamations…
Web papers on consciousness – unavailable on the Internet. For an Internet resource go to Online Papers on Consciousness compiled by David Chalmers
The following, listed alphabetically, are only those who may be fundamental to Journey in Being –and have not been treated sufficiently in History of Western Philosophy– or may make a point that I have not yet used; Heidegger and Wittgenstein are not included since they have been extensively treated in History of Western Philosophy
Adorno,
Theodore Wiesengrund
Formost member of the Frankfurt School
Social philosophy, critical theory, epistemology
Studies on Hegel, Heidegger, Husserl – in Against Epistemology, Kierkegaard
Texts:
Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic, 1933, trs. and ed. Robert Hullot-Kentor,
1989
Against Epistemology: a Metacritique, 1956, trs. Willis Domigno, 1982
Bradley,
Francis Herbert
Absolute idealism, ethics and logic
Texts:
Principles of Logic, 1883
Appearance and Reality, 1893
Essays on Truth and Reality, 1914
Collected Essays, 1935
Carnap,
Rudolf
Logic, semantics, epistemology and philosophy of science
Note Carnap’s second meaning of probability i.e. that of ‘theoretical
coherence’
Texts:
The Logical Syntax of Language, trs. 1937; original German, 1934
Empiricism, semantics and Ontology, in Revue Internationale de Philosophie 4,
1950
The Logical Foundations of Probability, 1950
Meaning and Necessity, 1956
‘The elimination of metaphysics through the logical analysis of language,’ in
A. J. Ayer, ed. Logical Positivism, 1957
Davidson,
Donald Herbert
Philosophy of mind and of language
It is Davidson’s philosophy of mind, especially his anomalous monism, that is
of importance to my analysis of mind and the mind-body issue in Journey of
Being
Texts:
Mental Events, in Essays on Actions and Events, 1980
Frege,
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob
Logic, analytic philosophy, Platonist philosophy of mathematics
Texts:
The Foundations of Arithmetic, trs. J. L. Austin, 1952; original German 1884
The Basic Laws of Arithmetic I, trs. and ed. Montgomery Furth, 1964; 1893
The Basic Laws of Arithmetic II, translations of extracts in Translations
from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege trs. and ed. P. Geach and
M. Black, 1980; 1903
Gilson,
Étienne Henri
Neo-scholastic with interests in the main divisions of philosophy and its
history
My interest in Gilson is that he was the ‘most influential’ historian of mediaval
philosophy in the 20th century
… and, therefore, I will undertake a study Gilson if I need to study or think
about medieval philosophy or Christian scholasticism
Text:
The Christian Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas, trs. from the original French
text, Le Thomisme, of 1919
Gödel,
Kurt
Gödel remains a seminal figure and, hence his inclusion here. As a result
of the startling impact of his 1931 paper “Uber formal unendscheitbare Sätze
der… etc.” Gödel will remain forever fascinating in the present period.
However, the significance of his work may not quite be the shaking of the
foundations that it has often thought to be… and this has, of course, been
shown in the literature
I will undertake further study of Gödel as the occasion arises
Husserl,
Edmund
Included in this list because of the importance, especially to
phenomenology and not because of an imperative to be immersed in the works
Text:
Logical Investigations, trs. JN Findlay, 1970, from Logische Untersuchungeng,
1900–1
Kripke,
Saul Aaron
Logic – especially modal logic i.e. the logical principles of ‘modal’
notions such as possibility, necessity, contingency and ‘strict’ implication;
philosophy of language and, secondarily, of mind
Kripke’s interest is partly that he was a phenomenon – his first paper, a theorm
in modal logic was published in 1959 when he was 19… but also because of: his
clarification of the meaning and validity of modal logics, contributions to the
theory of truth, analysis of the recalcitrant logical and semantical paradoxes,
denial of the distinctions: necessary / a posteriori truths, naming / meaning,
sense / reference… ‘Certainly, propositions can be necessary when actually so
but a posteriori to a finite mind
Text:
Naming and Necessity, 1980
Lenin,
Vladimir ll’ich
How can one not be interested in Lenin? Bertrand Russell once said that he
regarded Lenin as the greatest man he had ever met because, quoting from Bryan
Magee, who knew Russell, in Confessions of a Philosopher, 1997 “Lenin
combined a brilliant mind with genius-level ability as a man of action, and
this gave him extraordinary stature and effectiveness as a person. Also, he had
changed the course of world history in a way few individuals ever do.”… note
the modern pertinence of text, “Imperialism, the Highest etc… ,” below… because
of his dynamism he is almost as interesting as Marx who I do not currently
include here [if his name were to occur it would be upon a later writing]… and
he is incredibly more interesting than Trotsky or Stalin, the latter whom I
might include if I were writing a history of fortuitous thuggery and the former
who I would include only in a sentimental moment… I will study Lenin, if at
all, at a much later time
Texts of interest:
What is to be done? Burning Questions of our Movement, 1929 trs. from the 1902
Russian
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism: A Popular Outline, 1933, trs.
from the 1916 Russian
Collected Works, 47 vols…
Nietzsche, Friedrich
Nietzsche’s interests were in ontology, epistemology, Greek and Christian
thought, theory of values, nihilism, aesthetics and cultural theory
Texts:
The Birth of Tragedy, trs. W. Kaufmann, 1954; original German, 1872
Daybreak, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1982; 1881
Thus Spoke Zarathustra, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1968; 1883-5
Beyond Good and Evil, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1966; 1886
The Twilight of the Idols, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1968; 1889
The Anti-Christ, R. J. Hollingdale, 1968; 1895
Nietzsche against Wagner, trs. W. Kaufmann in The Portable Nietzsche,
ed. W. Kaufmann, 1954; 1895
Ecce Homo, trs. W. Kaufmann, 1968; 1908
Popper,
Karl Raimund
Popper’s interests were in epistemology, philosophy of science, and
political philosophy
Texts:
The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1959, trs. of revised and expanded version
of Logik der Forschung, 1934
The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945
Indeterminism in quantum physics and in classical physics, in British
Journal for Philosophy of Science, 1950
The Poverty of Historicism, 1957
Conjectures and Refutations, 1963
[the next three titles are the three volumes of Postscript: After Twenty Years,
in proof since 1957]
The Open Universe: An Argument for Indeterminism, 1982
Quantum Theory and the Schism in Physics, 1982
Realism and the Aim of Science, 1983
Quine,
Willard Van Orman
Logic, epistemology, philosophy of science and language
Texts:
On What There Is, 1953
Word and Object, 1960
Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, 1969
The Roots of Reference, 1974
Theories and Things, 1981
Pursuit of Truth, 1990
Russell,
Bertrand Arthur William
Texts:
A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, 1900
The Principles of Mathematics, 1903
On Denoting, in Mind, 1905
Philosophical Essays, 1910
Principia Mathematica, with A. N. Whitehead, 3 vols., 1910-13, 2 ed., 1927
The Problems of Philosophy, 1912
The Theory of Knowledge, 1913, pub. Posthumously in Colledted Papers, v.
VII, 1984
Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in
Philosophy, 1914
The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, in Monist, 1918-19
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, 1919
The Analysis of Mind, 1921
The Analysis of Matter, 1927
An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, 1940
Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits, 1948
My Philosophical Development, 1959
Autobiography, 1967-9
Whitehead,
Alfred North
Texts:
The Concept of Nature, 1920
Science and the Modern World, 1925
Process and Reality, 1929, corrected ed. D. R. Griffin and D. W. Sherburne,
1967
Adventures of Ideas, 1933
Modes of Thought, 1938
Plato, Republic
Aristotle, Politics
Cicero, The Republic
St Augustine, The City of God
Aquinas, Summa Theologica
Dante, On World Government
Machiavelli, The Prince
Hobbes, Leviathan
Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government
Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws
Rousseau, Social Contract 1762
Burke, Reflections on the French Revolution
Paine, The Rights of Man
Hegel, The Philosophy of Rights
Saint-Simon, The Industrial System
Proudhon, What is Property?
Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto
JS Mill, On Liberty
Bakunin, God and the State
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations 1776
Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principles of Population l798
David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy 1817
Karl Marx, Das Kapital 1867-95
Leon Walras, Elements d’économie politique pure 1874-77
Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics 1890
John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 1936
Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 1942
John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society 1958
Milton Friedman, Inflation: Causes and Consequences 1953
The following are only those who may be fundamental to Journey in Being or may make a point that I have not yet used; I have used Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit eds., A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, 1993 in this section
Articles mentioned above may be repeated below
Analytical and Continental Philosophy are the main strands contributing to Modern Western Political Philosophy
Note that the characteristics of analytical and continental philosophy are discussed in Essays on Being
Popper, K., The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945
Popper, K., The Poverty of Historicism, 1957
Benn, S.I. and R.S. Peters, Social Principles and the Democratic State, 1959
Hart, H.L.A., The Concept of Law, 1961
Barry, B., Political Argument, 1965
Rawls, J., A Theory of Justice, 1971
Barry, B., The Liberal Theory of Justice: A Critical Examination of the Principal Doctrines in ‘A Theory of Justice’ by John Rawls, 1973
Nozick, R., Anarchy, State and Utopia, 1974
Dworkin, G., Taking Rights Seriously, 1977
Habermas, J., ‘Wahrheitstheorien’, in Wirklichkeit und Reflexion: Walter Schulz zum 60 Geburstag, 1973
Hayek, F.A. von, Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, 3 vols, 1982
Sandel, M., Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 1982
Pateman, C., ‘Feminist critiques of the public-private dichotomy’, in S.I. Benn and G. F. Gaus, eds, Public and Private and Social Life, 1983
MacKinnon, C., Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law, 1987
Dworkin, G., The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, 1988
Buchanan, A.E., ‘Asserting the communitarian critique of liberalism’, Ethics, 99 (1989), 852-82
Kukathas, C., Hayek and Modern Liberalism, 1989
Barry, B., Theories of Justice, 1989
Barry, B., Political Argument: A Reissue, 1990
Nagel, T., Equality and Partiality, 1991
Okin, S.M., ‘Gender, the Public and the Private’, in D.Held, ed., Political Theory Today, 1991
Sen, A., Commodities and Capabilities, 1985
Adorno, T.W., Minima Moralia, 1974
Adorno, T.W., et. al., The Authoritarian Personality, 1950
Adorno, T.W., et. al., The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology, 1976
Camus, A,, The Rebel, trs. A. Bower, 1954
Derrida, J., Speech and Phenomena, trs. D. B. Allison, 1973
Derrida, J., Of Grammatology, trs. G. C. Spivak, 1976
Derrida, J., Writing and Difference, trs. A. Bass, 1978
Foucault, M., Madness and Civilization, trs. T. Howard, 1971
Foucault, M., The Archaeology of Knowledge, trs. A. M. Sheridan, 1976
Foucault, M., Discipline and Punishmen, trs. A. M. Sheridan, 1977
Freud, S., The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, trs. A. A. Brill, 1938
Freud, S., The Interpretation of Dreams, trs. J. Strachey, 1976
Habermas, J., ‘Technology and science as “ideology” ’,Towards a Rational Society, trs. J. J. Shapiro, 1970
Habermas, J., Theory of Communicative Action, 2 vols., trs. T. McCarthy, 1984
Habermas, J., The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, 2 vols., trs. F. G. Lawrence, 1987
Hegel, G.W.F., The Phenomenology of Mind, 1807, trs. J. B. Baille, 1967
Hegel, G.W.F., The Philosophy of Right, 1821, trs. J. B. Baille, 1952
Heidegger, M., ‘The origin of the work of art’, 1936 and ‘Letter on humanism’, 1947, in Basic Writings, ed. D. F. Krell, ed., 1977
Heidegger, M., Being and Time, trs. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson, 1967 and trs. Joan Stambaugh, 1996
Horkheimer, M., and Adorno, T.W., The Dialectic of Enlightenment, trs. J. Cumming, 1972
Kierkegaard, S., ‘Fear and trembling’ in Selections from the Writings of Kierkegaard, trs. L. M. Hollander, 1960
Kierkegaard, S., Either-Or, trs. H. V. Kong and E. H. Kong, 1987
Lévi-Strauss, C., Structural Anthropology, trs. C. Jacobson and B. G.. Schoepf, 1968
Lévi-Strauss, C., The Elementary Structures of Kinship, trs. J. H. Bell, J. R. von Sturmer and R. Needham, 1969
Lukács, G., ‘What is orthodox Marxism?’, in History and Class Consciousness, trs. R. Livingstone, 1971
Lyotard, J.-F., The Postmodern Condition, trs. G. Bennington and B. Massumi, 1984
Marcuse H., One-Dimensional Man, 1968(a)
Marcuse H., ‘Philosophy and critical theory’, in Negations, 1968 (b)
Marcuse H., ‘On revolution’, in Student Power, eds. A. Cockburn and R. Blackburn, 1969
Marcuse H., Soviet Marxism, 1971
Marx, K., ‘Economic and philosophical manuscripts’, in Early Writings, trs. R. Livingstone and G. Benton, 1975
Marx, K., ‘Theses on Feuerbach’, in Early Writings, trs. R. Livingstone and G. Benton, 1975
Marx, K., The German Ideology, trs. C. J. Arthur, 1977
Nietzsche, F., Beyond Good and Evil, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1973
Nietzsche, F., Untimely Meditations, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1983
Roussseau, J.-J., The Social Contract and Discourses, 1762, trs. G. D. H. Cole, 1973
Roussseau, J.-J., Emile, 1762, trs. B. Foxley, 1974
Saussure, F. de, Course in General Linguistics, 1916, ed. C. Bally and A. Sechehaye, trs. W. Baskin, 1959
Weber, M., The Protestant Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism, trs. T. Parsons, 1930
Use of past theory to understand modern issues
Arrow, K.J., Social Choice and Individual Values, 1951, 2 ed. 1963
Debreu, G., Theory of Value, 1959
Grote, J., An Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy, 1870
Jevons, W.S., The Theory of Political Economy, 1871
Lange, O., ‘Foundations of welfare economics’, Econometrica, 10 (1942), 215-28
Laslett, P., Philosophy, Politics and Society, 1956
Pareto, V., Manual of Political Economy, 1909, trs. A. S. Schwier, 1972
Pocock, J. G. A., The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law, 1957
Pocock, J. G. A., ‘The history of political thought: a methodological enquiry’, Philosophy, Politics and Society, Series II, 1962
Sidgwick, H., Methods of Ethics, 1874
Skinner, Q. R. D., ‘Meaning and understanding in the history of ideas’, History and Theory, 8, 1969, 199-215: Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics, 1988, 29-67
Skinner, Q. R. D., ‘The republican ideal of political liberty’ Machiavelli and Republicanism, ed. G. Bock, Q. R. D. Skinner and M. Viroli, 293-309
Tuck, R.F., Natural Rights and Theories, 1979
Tully, J.H., A Discourse on Property, 1980
Walras, L., Elements of Pure Economics, 1874, trs. W. Jaffe, 1954
Winch, P., The Idea of a Social Science, 1958
Understanding of social institutions is important in political philosophy
Brennan, G. and Walsh, C., eds., Rationality, Individualism and Public Policy, 1990
Broome, J., ‘Irreducibly social goods – comment II’, in Rationality, Individualism and Public Policy, ed. G. Brennan and C. Walsh, 1990
Durkheim, E., The Division of Labor in Society, 1893
Giddens, A., Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, 1971
MacIntyre, A., After Virtue, 2 ed., 1984
Runciman, W. G., A Critique of Max Weber’s Philosophy of Social Science, 1972
Saint-Simon, H., Selected Writings, trs. and ed. Keith Taylor, 1975
Taylor, C., Philosophical Papers, 2 vols., 1985
Veblen, T., The Leisure Class, 1889
Weber, M., The Methodology of the Social Sciences, trs. E. A. Shills and H. A. Finch, 1949
Weber, M., Economy and Society, eds. G. Roth and C. Wittich, 3 vols., 1968
Economics is relevant to political possibility. In order to understand the contribution of economics, ‘political philosophy’ is taken to be normative social theory. The contributions of economics, then, may be understood in terms of a style of thinking – normative thinking is supplemented by and replaced when possible by ‘positive’ feasibility analysis where the use of analysis is concentrated. Feasibility affects desirability since what may have been desirable cannot be so if infeasible. Here, the contributions of Pareto, Arrow, Buchanan and Harsanyi are significant. The collapse of utilitarianism as a concept of feasibility leads to the ‘Economists Theory of State,’ which economists love because it appears to legitimize their grandiosity…
However, the lessons of economics should not be taken too seriously because ‘many things have been regarded impossible, including those theoretically demonstrated, until shown to be actually possible.’ While the contributions of modern economics are important, they are also an abstruse apology for the dominant paradigm and dominant regimes. Other reasons for doubt are distributed throughout the present document and the sources from the foundations
Arrow, K., Social Choice and Individual Values, 1951
Buchanan, J., ‘The relevance of Pareto optimality’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 6 (1962), 341-54
Buchanan, J., The Limits of Liberty, 1975
Buchanan, J., Freedom in Constitutional Contract, 1977
Buchanan, J., and Tullock, G., The Calculus of Consent, 1962
Hamlin, A., Ethics, Economics and the State, 1986
Hardin, R., Collective Action, 1982
Harsanyi, J., ‘Cardinal welfare, individualistic ethics, and inter-personal comparisons of utility’, Journal of Political Economy, 63 (1955), 309-21
Harsanyi, J., Essays in Ethics, 1976
Hotelling, H., ‘Stability in Competition’, Economic Journal, 39 (1929), 41-57
Lerner, A., The Economics of Control, 1944
Little, I. M. D., A Critique of Welfare Economics, 1957
Olson, M., The Logic of Collective Action, 1965
Robbins, L., The Nature and Significance of Economic Science, 1932
Samuelson, P., ‘The pure theory of public expenditure’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 36 (1954), 387-9
Samuelson, P., ‘Diagrammatic exposition of a theory of public expenditure’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 37 (1955), 350-6
Scitovsky, T., ‘A note on welfare propositions in economics’, Review of Economic Studies, 9 (1941-2), 77-88
Sen, A., ‘Rational fools: a critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6 (1977), 314-44
Selection favors fundamentals and possibility rather than logical issues but only when solutions exist
Abercrombie, N., Hill, S. and Turner, B. S., The Dominant Ideology, 1980
Allison, G. T., The Essence of Decision, 1971
Binder, L., et. al. Crises and Sequences in Political Development, 1971
Cohen, G. A., Karl Marx’s Theory of History, 1978
Geertz, C. A., Old Societies and New States, 1963
Goodin, R. E., ‘The development-rights trade-off’, Universal Human Rights, 1 (1979), 31-42
Lane, R. E., ‘Waiting for lefty: the capitalist genesis of socialist man’, Theory & Society, 6 (1978), 1-28
Lasswell, H. D., Politics: Who Gets What, When, How?, 1950
Levine, H. D., ‘Some things to all men: the politics of cruise missile development’, Public Policy, 7 (1972), 117-68
Mann, M., ‘The social cohesion of liberal democracy’, American Sociological Review, 35 (1970), 423-29
March, J. G., ‘Model bias in social action’, Review of Educational Research, 42 (1972), 413-29
Olsen, J. P., ‘Public policy-making and theories of organizational choice’, Scandinavian Political Studies, 7 (1972), 45-62
Wittfogel, K. A., Oriental Despotism, 1957
Zolberg, A., ‘Moments of madness’, Politics & Society, 1 (1972), 183-208
Legal studies in the ‘analytic tradition’ appear intellectual but are an apology for the law and the state. It is paradoxical that France, where there is no tradition of justification of law, is the greatest of police states
Braithwaite, J. and Pettit, P., Not Just Deserts, 1990
Dworkin, R., Law’s Empire, 1986
Fuller, L., The Morality of the Law, 1969
Gunningham, N., Safeguarding the Worker: the Role of the Law, 1984
Hart, H. L. A., The Concept of the Law, 1961
Hart, H. L. A., Punishment and Responsibility, 1968
Hart, H. L. A., Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy, 1983
Hart, H. L. A. and Honoré, A., Causation and the Law, 1985
Kennedy, D., ‘Form and substance in private law adjudication’, Harvard Law Review, 89 (1976), 1685
Kennedy, D., ‘The Structure of Blackstone’s Commentaries’, Buffalo Law Review, 28 (1979), 209
Kennedy, D., ‘Legal Education as Training for Hierarchy’, in D. Kairys, ed., The Politics of Law: A Progression Technique, 1982
McBarnet, D., Conviction: Law, the State and the Construction of Justice, 1981
Meiklejohn, A., Political Freedom: the Constitutional Powers of the People, 1965
Posner, R., Economic Analysis of the Law, 1977
Rose-Ackerman, S., ‘Progressive Law and Economics’, Yale Law Journal, 98 (1988), 341
Sadurski, W., Giving Desert its Due, 1985
Sunstein, C. R., ‘Pornography and the first amendment’, Duke Law Journal (1986), 589
Tribe, L. H., American Constitutional Law, 2nd ed., 1988
Tribe, L. H., Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes, 1990
Tushnet, M., The American Law of Slavery, 1981
Waldron, J., The Law, 1990
The general purposes to any study include the following: 1. The specific interest of the study. ‘Interest’ includes both curiosity or enjoyment and ‘application;’ and 2. Truth is illuminating and transforming
There is a redundancy to the consideration of interest and application because each includes the other
Item [2] is a repetition of item [1] in general terms
Journey in Being is a journey in understanding and transformation; therefore history is significant to the journey as
History of understanding, and
History of transformation
The reference for these emphases is History of thought and action
Plan: combine History of thought and action and History of Western Philosophy
What are they?
Functions: thought and communication
The human symbolic instrument is language; mathematics is the science of form; abstract relations show all systems that have a common form
LOGOS is system of the possibilities of being relative to nothingness; logic is the system of relationships among truths; real Logic is the science of the possible [relative to nothingness,] [note that the necessary is analyzable in terms of the possible]
Logic applies in mathematics; mathematics analyses logic
More on Brouwer; on Hilbert’s program; on logicism – concept and argument, Russell, Frege and Wittgenstein’s counterarguments; Platonism
Foundation and meaning of logic, geometry
The theory of the infinite; discrete mathematics, Stephen Wolfram Site
… for linguistic bases of thought and categories; data for linguistics; foundations of the disciplines
Buddha, Lao-tse, Christ, Muhammad, Zarathustra…
Primitive and experiential myth and mythology
Ritual Death; primitive planters; symbol: life requires death
The Shaman; primitive hunters; symbol: vision and leadership born of example and charisma, the animal master
Indian Mythology is adequately represented in the section, below, on Indian Philosophy
Philosophy is literature, especially great philosophy. Here, focus is on literature – whether fiction or not – as it describes life or tells stories that illuminate ways and possibilities of life. The chief kinds of literature are: epic, tragedy, comedy, lyric, satire, history, biography, and prose narrative
‘Homer,’ The Iliad and The Odyssey
Virgil, Aenid
Augustine, The City of God
Icelandic sagas, Prose Edda and Poetic Edda, …the fullest and most detailed source for modern knowledge of Germanic mythology.
Beowulf, the heroic poem of Old English Literature
Song of Hildebrand, German
The Divine Comedy, Dante
Paradise Lost, 1667; Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes, 1671, John Milton
Molière, Racine, Boileau, and La Fontaine of what has been called the greatest age of French literature
The 18th century. Britain: Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, and Samuel Johnson, Henry Fielding, Daniel Defoe, Tobias Smollett, Samuel Richardson and Laurence Sterne. France: Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Charles de Montesquieu, Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert. In Germany: Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller
The 19th century – Romanticism. Fabre d'Olivet in France; Wordsworth, Coleridge, John Keats and Lord Byron in England; and Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Aleksandr Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov in Russia; James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe; Walt Whitman, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau in America which, as Wordsworth's pronouncements had done, affirmed the power of “insight” to transcend ordinary logic and experience
The 19th century – Post-Romanticism. Heinrich Heine in Germany; Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Stéphane Mallarmé and Arthur Rimbaud in France; Jane Austen with Northanger Abbey and Sense and Sensibility in England; especially Benjamin Constant, Stendhal Gustave Flaubert and Émile Zola, also in France; Eliot, Charles Dickens, and Thomas Hardy in England and Nikolay Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Anton Chekhov in Russia; Henrik Ibsen in Norway; August Strindberg in Sweden; Gogol, Turgenev and Anton Chekov in Russia
The 20th century. Joseph Conrad, Thomas Hardy, Henry James, D.H. Lawrence, Marcel Proust, André Gide, James Joyce's, Franz Kafka, and Thomas Mann, André Breton, Rainer Maria Rilkem, T.S. Eliot
Presently, this list does not include or do justice to music as it is performed and moves people in their lives – in peace and in war
Indian classical music as rendered by Ravi Shankar, Ali Akbar Khan and others
Western Music before the 19th century. Henry Purcell, Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) and George Frideric Handel
19th century – The Romantic Period. Transition: Beethoven, Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, and Anton Bruckner; romantic: Berlioz, Liszt, Gustav Mahler, and Richard Strauss; and Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky
19th century – Richard Wagner
20th century: Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Anton von Webern, Aaron Copeland
20th century “popular” music
Art periods: prehistoric – the old and new stone ages Celtic, Egyptian, Greek, Mesopotamian, Islamic, African, Oceanic, Indian, Japanese, Christian, Gothic, Baroque, European / Renaissance, Recent [1800 and later]
The intent of the selection that follows is to evoke feeling, specifically my feeling, from the paintings, sculpture, buildings and other objects. I look not only for emotion but also and especially a sense of placement in and creation of time, space and the stream of being. The selection is not comprehensive relative to the history of art for that would dilute what it is that I intend. Source: H. W. Janson, History of Art, 1962, 5th ed, Anthony F. Janson, 1995
Cave paintings especially animals and the hunt and objects such as Horse a 2½" mammoth ivory carving from Bogelherd cave 28,000 BC the old stoneage [40,000 – 10,000 BC ending with the cessation of the most recent Ice Age]
In the new stonage [till historic times] from which the following are remarkable: architecture with houses and shrines including paintings of the animal hunt and monuments such as Stonehenge c. 2000 B.C
Egypt: the pyramids and the Great Sphinx at Giza and the statues of the pharaohs; the court of Ramesses II; the coffin of Tutankhamen
Sumer: Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur, Iraq c. 2100 B.C
Greece: The Parthenon; statues - Nike of Samothrace c. 200 BC and The Laocoön Group
Rome: The Pantheon, Rome, 118 – 25 A.D
Gothic: Notre-Dame, Paris, 1163 – c. 1250; Chartres Cathedral 1145 - 1220, and the stained glass Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière, c. 1170; Amiens Cathedral begun 1220; Salisbury Cathedral, England 1220 – 1770; Gloucester Cathedral, England, 1332 – 1357; Sta. Croce, Florence, begun c. 1295; Florence Cathedral, begun by Arnolfo di Cambio, 1296, dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420 – 36; Milan Cathedral, begun 1386, considered by H. W. Janson to be overly elaborate as a result of detail applied in mechanical fashion over the centuries was completed in 1910
Early Renaissance in Italy: Donatello, statues, 1386 – 1466, Prophet, 1423 – 25, 6' 5"; David, c. 1425 – 1430, bronze, 62¼"; Mary Magdalene, c. 1455, wood, partially gilded. Early Renaissance in Italy: Boticelli, c. 1480, The Birth of Venus
High Renaissance in Italy – I cannot, now, do justice to the feeling evoked by Leonardo, Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giorgione, Titian and therefore the selection here is very thin; I hope that this is balanced by the power of evocation of the works. Leonardo da Vinci: Adoration of the Magi, 1481 – 82; The Last Supper c. 1495 – 98. Michelangelo: Pieta, c. 1500; David, 1501 – 4, 13' 5"; The Sistine Ceiling, 1508 – 12 including The Creation of Adam; St. Peter’s, Rome, 1546 – 64, dome completed by Giacomo della Porta, 1590. Raphael: La Belle Jardinière, 1507; The Sacrifice at Lystra, 1514 – 15. Giorgione, The Tempest, c. 1505. Titian: Bacchanal, c. 1518; Man with the Glove, c. 1520; Christ Crowned with Thorns, c. 1570
From 1525 to 1600, in Italy, the period now referred to as Mannerism, the following paintings are audible as voices: Giorgio Vasari, Perseus and Andromedia, 1570 – 72; Sofonisba Anguissola, Portrait of the Artist’s Sister Minerva, c. 1559; Jacopo Tintoretto, The Last Super, 1592 – 94
Of the remaining period until modern times, and even though there is much that speaks, I will note only the art of Albrecht Dürer: The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, woodcut, c. 1497 – 98; Self-Portrait, painting, 1500; Knight, Death and Devil, engraving, 1513
The Modern Period: here I am being very selective and choose only those works that seem to speak to me from universal and even distant sources. I have probably included some that I would not; omitted some that I would. Cammille Corot, Morning: Dance of the Nymphs, painting, 1850. William Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840; Rain, Steam and Speed, 1844. Caspar David Friedrich, The Polar Sea, 1824. Paul Klee, Twittering Machine, 1922. Jackson Pollock, Autumn Rhythm: Number 30, 1950. Anselm Kiefer, To the Unknown Painter, 1983. Frank Lloyd Wright, Robie House, Chicago, 1909. Foster Associates, Honkong Bank, 1979 – 86. Ansel Adams, Monrise, Hernandez, New Mexico, 1941. Josef Sudek, View from Studio Window in Winter, 1954. Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, California, 1936. Mark Tansey, Derrida Queries de Man
Art – evocation and communication especially of “what is not said:” time, space, pattern [cause and law,] creation [pattern from nothingness and chaos,] nature, mood and will, feeling
Art divisions: literature, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, theatre
Art – concept: see Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, details in the Great Western Philosophers, above
Art – history: H. W. Janson, History of Art
Individual as physical, bio-psycho-social and spiritual
Dynamics of Being and the concept of healing: Journey in Being | Metaphysics | and, especially, Experiments in the Transformation of Being
Psychiatry | Psychology | Research topics | Treatment Planning
Personality disorders, borderline personality disorder: Dialectical Behavior Therapy etc; treatment of eating disorders
Vitamins and micronutrients
Wilderness Medicine
Mental health information from the folder: organization\anil
Influence and Change | section, Action and Influence in Journey in Being for some topics
The nature of society, institutions, humankind; the concept of culture [EB Tylor…]
The foundations of being, the individual, knowledge and language
Today’s world: actual and potential
Science as knowledge; as a comprehensive worldview; as a method; a practice; as a social [political, economic…] instrument; as parochial vs. universal
Archimedes, Galileo, Newton, Gauss, Darwin, Maxwell, Emile Durkheim, Freud, Max Weber, Einstein, Schrödinger, Dirac