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KNOWLEDGE FOCI FOR JOURNEY IN BEING ANIL MITRA PH D, COPYRIGHT © JANUARY 2001, REVISED April 2010
Possible knowledge foci | Current topics—2008 | Introduction: objectives and plan Philosophy | History
| Symbol
| Art,
Myth and Religion
| Healing
| Science Copyright and most recent update
Introduction: objectives and plan Philosophy II: the Great Western Philosophers Philosophy III: Mind: Nature and Map; Origins of Language Philosophy IV: Recent Philosophers Philosophy V: Important Works from the History of Political and Economic Philosophy Politics and Political Philosophy: Individuals and Major Works Economics and Economic Philosophy: Individuals and Major Works Philosophy VI: Recent Writers in Political Philosophy and Related Contributing Disciplines The Symbolic Disciplines: Signs, Language, Logic and Mathematics – Foundations and Relation to Being Languages: Sanskrit, Hindi, Other… Sociology and Anthropology for Foundations of Being; Social Action; Charisma and Patriarchalism Science in Knowledge, Progress of Being… and as a Metaphor for Metaphysics, Epistemology Logic, Mathematics and Science Some intelligent applications – various stages of development Geology: Effect on Conditions for Life, Evolution, Speciation; Minerals, Fuels, their Origins Other Elements of the Western Tradition Native American; other primal including Siberia Copyright and most recent update
Possible knowledge fociStudy of the following ideas and individuals will be
incorporated in History
&or History
of Western Philosophy &or Journey
in Being Fundamental significance Significance to Journey in Being Items have not received adequate treatment in one of the documents just noted Research: see Object System and Functions, Sources Current topics—2008EssentialAbove ComplementEconomics, politics History and its values—and the meaning of destiny from the Universal metaphysics Natural and political geography Internet as a social phenomenon and political tool Introduction: objectives and planMuch of the following is done Learn just enough to “close the map” by analogy then proof Sources from History, History of Western Philosophy… Research topics – mine or reference to others work – that may be included: Topics that I think are fundamental to being Topics that support a need for Journey in Being PhilosophyThe philosophers selected are those important for future study; History of Western Philosophy has a more complete listing Philosophy I: MetaphysicsRound out metaphysics – includes epistemology, logic, axiology, language, theory of being; complete my philosophical education Metaphysics of Presence Paradox, thinkability, and knowability; possibility and necessity Topics for metaphysics for Journey in Being: general metaphysics, philosophy and theory of being; kinds of knowledge, knowledge and justification; evolution, design and the absolute Philosophy II: the Great Western PhilosophersPhilosophy, etymologically ‘love of wisdom’ comes to mean different things in different ages. Here, the tradition according to ‘History of Western Philosophy’ is emphasized. Also, I take philosophers to be those who express certain kinds of ideas in words, usually written, rather than in their lives In following a natural tendency to emphasize recent philosophy, I might include the recent philosophers Nietzsche, Russell, Popper, Heidegger, Wittgenstein and Whitehead among the great. It has been said Russell, Popper, Heidegger and Wittgenstein are the four great philosophers of the 20th century and each has a following who would affirm him as the greatest in that century. I believe that Whitehead should be included among the handful of 20th century ‘greats:’ Whitehead’s thought rises to Platonic heights and, though his style of philosophy has never found much favor in recent times, his thought includes true philosophy in contrast to being the philosophy of something as is the case for much of the writing of Russell, Wittgenstein and Popper and, to a lesser degree, that of Heidegger. Nietzsche, Whitehead, Russell and Popper are included in the Recent Philosophers, below; Heidegger and Wittgenstein and their works are treated extensively in History of Western Philosophy. Of the philosophers mentioned in this paragraph, Nietzsche is the only one I include among the ‘great’ of all time Listed temporally Before Plato Plato Aristotle Descartes, Rene Spinoza, Benedict de Locke, John Hume, David Kant, Immanuel Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich Schopenhauer, Arthur Nietzsche, Friedrich Philosophy III: Mind: Nature and Map; Origins of LanguageEssays on Evolutionary Epistemology, WW Bartley III, ed Ernst Mayr for teleology, teleonomy Searle / examples of speech acts and so on; propositions and propositional attitudes, questions, exclamations… Web papers on consciousness – unavailable on the Internet. For an Internet resource go to Online Papers on Consciousness compiled by David Chalmers Philosophy IV: Recent PhilosophersThe following, listed alphabetically, are only those who may be fundamental to Journey in Being –and have not been treated sufficiently in History of Western Philosophy– or may make a point that I have not yet used; Heidegger and Wittgenstein are not included since they have been extensively treated in History of Western Philosophy Adorno, Theodore Wiesengrund Bradley, Francis Herbert Carnap, Rudolf Davidson, Donald Herbert Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Gilson, Étienne Henri Gödel, Kurt Husserl, Edmund Kripke, Saul Aaron Lenin, Vladimir ll’ich Nietzsche, Friedrich Popper, Karl Raimund Quine, Willard Van Orman Russell, Bertrand Arthur William Whitehead, Alfred North Philosophy V: Important Works from the History of Political and Economic PhilosophyPolitics and Political Philosophy: Individuals and Major WorksPlato, Republic Aristotle, Politics Cicero, The Republic St Augustine, The City of God Aquinas, Summa Theologica Dante, On World Government Machiavelli, The Prince Hobbes, Leviathan Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws Rousseau, Social Contract 1762 Burke, Reflections on the French Revolution Paine, The Rights of Man Hegel, The Philosophy of Rights Saint-Simon, The Industrial System Proudhon, What is Property? Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto JS Mill, On Liberty Bakunin, God and the State Economics and Economic Philosophy: Individuals and Major WorksAdam Smith, The Wealth of Nations 1776 Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principles of Population l798 David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy 1817 Karl Marx, Das Kapital 1867-95 Leon Walras, Elements d’économie politique pure 1874-77 Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics 1890 John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 1936 Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 1942 John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society 1958 Milton Friedman, Inflation: Causes and Consequences 1953 Philosophy VI: Recent Writers in Political Philosophy and Related Contributing DisciplinesThe following are only those who may be fundamental to Journey in Being or may make a point that I have not yet used; I have used Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit eds., A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, 1993 in this section Articles mentioned above may be repeated below Analytical PhilosophyAnalytical and Continental Philosophy are the main strands contributing to Modern Western Political Philosophy Note that the characteristics of analytical and continental philosophy are discussed in Essays on Being Popper, K., The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945 Popper, K., The Poverty of Historicism, 1957 Benn, S.I. and R.S. Peters, Social Principles and the Democratic State, 1959 Hart, H.L.A., The Concept of Law, 1961 Barry, B., Political Argument, 1965 Rawls, J., A Theory of Justice, 1971 Barry, B., The Liberal Theory of Justice: A Critical Examination of the Principal Doctrines in ‘A Theory of Justice’ by John Rawls, 1973 Nozick, R., Anarchy, State and Utopia, 1974 Dworkin, G., Taking Rights Seriously, 1977 Habermas, J., ‘Wahrheitstheorien’, in Wirklichkeit und Reflexion: Walter Schulz zum 60 Geburstag, 1973 Hayek, F.A. von, Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, 3 vols, 1982 Sandel, M., Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 1982 Pateman, C., ‘Feminist critiques of the public-private dichotomy’, in S.I. Benn and G. F. Gaus, eds, Public and Private and Social Life, 1983 MacKinnon, C., Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law, 1987 Dworkin, G., The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, 1988 Buchanan, A.E., ‘Asserting the communitarian critique of liberalism’, Ethics, 99 (1989), 852-82 Kukathas, C., Hayek and Modern Liberalism, 1989 Barry, B., Theories of Justice, 1989 Barry, B., Political Argument: A Reissue, 1990 Nagel, T., Equality and Partiality, 1991 Okin, S.M., ‘Gender, the Public and the Private’, in D.Held, ed., Political Theory Today, 1991 Sen, A., Commodities and Capabilities, 1985 Continental PhilosophyAdorno, T.W., Minima Moralia, 1974 Adorno, T.W., et. al., The Authoritarian Personality, 1950 Adorno, T.W., et. al., The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology, 1976 Camus, A,, The Rebel, trs. A. Bower, 1954 Derrida, J., Speech and Phenomena, trs. D. B. Allison, 1973 Derrida, J., Of Grammatology, trs. G. C. Spivak, 1976 Derrida, J., Writing and Difference, trs. A. Bass, 1978 Foucault, M., Madness and Civilization, trs. T. Howard, 1971 Foucault, M., The Archaeology of Knowledge, trs. A. M. Sheridan, 1976 Foucault, M., Discipline and Punishmen, trs. A. M. Sheridan, 1977 Freud, S., The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, trs. A. A. Brill, 1938 Freud, S., The Interpretation of Dreams, trs. J. Strachey, 1976 Habermas, J., ‘Technology and science as “ideology” ’,Towards a Rational Society, trs. J. J. Shapiro, 1970 Habermas, J., Theory of Communicative Action, 2 vols., trs. T. McCarthy, 1984 Habermas, J., The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, 2 vols., trs. F. G. Lawrence, 1987 Hegel, G.W.F., The Phenomenology of Mind, 1807, trs. J. B. Baille, 1967 Hegel, G.W.F., The Philosophy of Right, 1821, trs. J. B. Baille, 1952 Heidegger, M., ‘The origin of the work of art’, 1936 and ‘Letter on humanism’, 1947, in Basic Writings, ed. D. F. Krell, ed., 1977 Heidegger, M., Being and Time, trs. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson, 1967 and trs. Joan Stambaugh, 1996 Horkheimer, M., and Adorno, T.W., The Dialectic of Enlightenment, trs. J. Cumming, 1972 Kierkegaard, S., ‘Fear and trembling’ in Selections from the Writings of Kierkegaard, trs. L. M. Hollander, 1960 Kierkegaard, S., Either-Or, trs. H. V. Kong and E. H. Kong, 1987 Lévi-Strauss, C., Structural Anthropology, trs. C. Jacobson and B. G.. Schoepf, 1968 Lévi-Strauss, C., The Elementary Structures of Kinship, trs. J. H. Bell, J. R. von Sturmer and R. Needham, 1969 Lukács, G., ‘What is orthodox Marxism?’, in History and Class Consciousness, trs. R. Livingstone, 1971 Lyotard, J.-F., The Postmodern Condition, trs. G. Bennington and B. Massumi, 1984 Marcuse H., One-Dimensional Man, 1968(a) Marcuse H., ‘Philosophy and critical theory’, in Negations, 1968 (b) Marcuse H., ‘On revolution’, in Student Power, eds. A. Cockburn and R. Blackburn, 1969 Marcuse H., Soviet Marxism, 1971 Marx, K., ‘Economic and philosophical manuscripts’, in Early Writings, trs. R. Livingstone and G. Benton, 1975 Marx, K., ‘Theses on Feuerbach’, in Early Writings, trs. R. Livingstone and G. Benton, 1975 Marx, K., The German Ideology, trs. C. J. Arthur, 1977 Nietzsche, F., Beyond Good and Evil, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1973 Nietzsche, F., Untimely Meditations, trs. R. J. Hollingdale, 1983 Roussseau, J.-J., The Social Contract and Discourses, 1762, trs. G. D. H. Cole, 1973 Roussseau, J.-J., Emile, 1762, trs. B. Foxley, 1974 Saussure, F. de, Course in General Linguistics, 1916, ed. C. Bally and A. Sechehaye, trs. W. Baskin, 1959 Weber, M., The Protestant Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism, trs. T. Parsons, 1930 HistoryUse of past theory to understand modern issues Arrow, K.J., Social Choice and Individual Values, 1951, 2 ed. 1963 Debreu, G., Theory of Value, 1959 Grote, J., An Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy, 1870 Jevons, W.S., The Theory of Political Economy, 1871 Lange, O., ‘Foundations of welfare economics’, Econometrica, 10 (1942), 215-28 Laslett, P., Philosophy, Politics and Society, 1956 Pareto, V., Manual of Political Economy, 1909, trs. A. S. Schwier, 1972 Pocock, J. G. A., The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law, 1957 Pocock, J. G. A., ‘The history of political thought: a methodological enquiry’, Philosophy, Politics and Society, Series II, 1962 Sidgwick, H., Methods of Ethics, 1874 Skinner, Q. R. D., ‘Meaning and understanding in the history of ideas’, History and Theory, 8, 1969, 199-215: Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics, 1988, 29-67 Skinner, Q. R. D., ‘The republican ideal of political liberty’ Machiavelli and Republicanism, ed. G. Bock, Q. R. D. Skinner and M. Viroli, 293-309 Tuck, R.F., Natural Rights and Theories, 1979 Tully, J.H., A Discourse on Property, 1980 Walras, L., Elements of Pure Economics, 1874, trs. W. Jaffe, 1954 Winch, P., The Idea of a Social Science, 1958 SociologyUnderstanding of social institutions is important in political philosophy Brennan, G. and Walsh, C., eds., Rationality, Individualism and Public Policy, 1990 Broome, J., ‘Irreducibly social goods – comment II’, in Rationality, Individualism and Public Policy, ed. G. Brennan and C. Walsh, 1990 Durkheim, E., The Division of Labor in Society, 1893 Giddens, A., Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, 1971 MacIntyre, A., After Virtue, 2 ed., 1984 Runciman, W. G., A Critique of Max Weber’s Philosophy of Social Science, 1972 Saint-Simon, H., Selected Writings, trs. and ed. Keith Taylor, 1975 Taylor, C., Philosophical Papers, 2 vols., 1985 Veblen, T., The Leisure Class, 1889 Weber, M., The Methodology of the Social Sciences, trs. E. A. Shills and H. A. Finch, 1949 Weber, M., Economy and Society, eds. G. Roth and C. Wittich, 3 vols., 1968 EconomicsEconomics is relevant to political possibility. In order to understand the contribution of economics, ‘political philosophy’ is taken to be normative social theory. The contributions of economics, then, may be understood in terms of a style of thinking – normative thinking is supplemented by and replaced when possible by ‘positive’ feasibility analysis where the use of analysis is concentrated. Feasibility affects desirability since what may have been desirable cannot be so if infeasible. Here, the contributions of Pareto, Arrow, Buchanan and Harsanyi are significant. The collapse of utilitarianism as a concept of feasibility leads to the ‘Economists Theory of State,’ which economists love because it appears to legitimize their grandiosity… However, the lessons of economics should not be taken too seriously because ‘many things have been regarded impossible, including those theoretically demonstrated, until shown to be actually possible.’ While the contributions of modern economics are important, they are also an abstruse apology for the dominant paradigm and dominant regimes. Other reasons for doubt are distributed throughout the present document and the sources from the foundations Arrow, K., Social Choice and Individual Values, 1951 Buchanan, J., ‘The relevance of Pareto optimality’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 6 (1962), 341-54 Buchanan, J., The Limits of Liberty, 1975 Buchanan, J., Freedom in Constitutional Contract, 1977 Buchanan, J., and Tullock, G., The Calculus of Consent, 1962 Hamlin, A., Ethics, Economics and the State, 1986 Hardin, R., Collective Action, 1982 Harsanyi, J., ‘Cardinal welfare, individualistic ethics, and inter-personal comparisons of utility’, Journal of Political Economy, 63 (1955), 309-21 Harsanyi, J., Essays in Ethics, 1976 Hotelling, H., ‘Stability in Competition’, Economic Journal, 39 (1929), 41-57 Lerner, A., The Economics of Control, 1944 Little, I. M. D., A Critique of Welfare Economics, 1957 Olson, M., The Logic of Collective Action, 1965 Robbins, L., The Nature and Significance of Economic Science, 1932 Samuelson, Paul A., ‘The pure theory of public expenditure’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 36 (1954), 387-9 Samuelson, Paul A., ‘Diagrammatic exposition of a theory of public expenditure’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 37 (1955), 350-6 Samuelson, Paul A., with William D. Nordhaus since 1985, Economics: an Introductory analysis, 1948, 18th ed., 2004 Scitovsky, T., ‘A note on welfare propositions in economics’, Review of Economic Studies, 9 (1941-2), 77-88 Sen, A., ‘Rational fools: a critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6 (1977), 314-44 Political ScienceSelection favors fundamentals and possibility rather than logical issues but only when solutions exist Abercrombie, N., Hill, S. and Turner, B. S., The Dominant Ideology, 1980 Allison, G. T., The Essence of Decision, 1971 Binder, L., et. al. Crises and Sequences in Political Development, 1971 Cohen, G. A., Karl Marx’s Theory of History, 1978 Geertz, C. A., Old Societies and New States, 1963 Goodin, R. E., ‘The development-rights trade-off’, Universal Human Rights, 1 (1979), 31-42 Lane, R. E., ‘Waiting for lefty: the capitalist genesis of socialist man’, Theory & Society, 6 (1978), 1-28 Lasswell, H. D., Politics: Who Gets What, When, How?, 1950 Levine, H. D., ‘Some things to all men: the politics of cruise missile development’, Public Policy, 7 (1972), 117-68 Mann, M., ‘The social cohesion of liberal democracy’, American Sociological Review, 35 (1970), 423-29 March, J. G., ‘Model bias in social action’, Review of Educational Research, 42 (1972), 413-29 Olsen, J. P., ‘Public policy-making and theories of organizational choice’, Scandinavian Political Studies, 7 (1972), 45-62 Wittfogel, K. A., Oriental Despotism, 1957 Zolberg, A., ‘Moments of madness’, Politics & Society, 1 (1972), 183-208 Legal StudiesLegal studies in the ‘analytic tradition’ appear intellectual but are an apology for the law and the state. It is paradoxical that France, where there is no tradition of justification of law, is the greatest of police states Braithwaite, J. and Pettit, P., Not Just Deserts, 1990 Dworkin, R., Law’s Empire, 1986 Fuller, L., The Morality of the Law, 1969 Gunningham, N., Safeguarding the Worker: the Role of the Law, 1984 Hart, H. L. A., The Concept of the Law, 1961 Hart, H. L. A., Punishment and Responsibility, 1968 Hart, H. L. A., Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy, 1983 Hart, H. L. A. and Honoré, A., Causation and the Law, 1985 Kennedy, D., ‘Form and substance in private law adjudication’, Harvard Law Review, 89 (1976), 1685 Kennedy, D., ‘The Structure of Blackstone’s Commentaries’, Buffalo Law Review, 28 (1979), 209 Kennedy, D., ‘Legal Education as Training for Hierarchy’, in D. Kairys, ed., The Politics of Law: A Progression Technique, 1982 McBarnet, D., Conviction: Law, the State and the Construction of Justice, 1981 Meiklejohn, A., Political Freedom: the Constitutional Powers of the People, 1965 Posner, R., Economic Analysis of the Law, 1977 Rose-Ackerman, S., ‘Progressive Law and Economics’, Yale Law Journal, 98 (1988), 341 Sadurski, W., Giving Desert its Due, 1985 Sunstein, C. R., ‘Pornography and the first amendment’, Duke Law Journal (1986), 589 Tribe, L. H., American Constitutional Law, 2nd ed., 1988 Tribe, L. H., Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes, 1990 Tushnet, M., The American Law of Slavery, 1981 Waldron, J., The Law, 1990 HistoryThe general purposes to any study include the following: 1. The specific interest of the study. ‘Interest’ includes both curiosity or enjoyment and ‘application;’ and 2. Truth is illuminating and transforming There is a redundancy to the consideration of interest and application because each includes the other Item [2] is a repetition of item [1] in general terms Journey in Being is a journey in understanding and transformation; therefore history is significant to the journey as History of understanding, and History of transformation The reference for these emphases is History of thought and action Plan: combine History of thought and action and History of Western Philosophy SymbolThe Symbolic Disciplines: Signs, Language, Logic and Mathematics – Foundations and Relation to BeingWhat are they? Functions: thought and communication The human symbolic instrument is language; mathematics is the science of form; abstract relations show all systems that have a common form LOGOS is system of the possibilities of being relative to nothingness; logic is the system of relationships among truths; real Logic is the science of the possible [relative to nothingness,] [note that the necessary is analyzable in terms of the possible] Logic applies in mathematics; mathematics analyses logic More on Brouwer; on Hilbert’s program; on logicism – concept and argument, Russell, Frege and Wittgenstein’s counterarguments; Platonism Foundation and meaning of logic, geometry The theory of the infinite; discrete mathematics, Stephen Wolfram Site Languages: Sanskrit, Hindi, Other…… for linguistic bases of thought and categories; data for linguistics; foundations of the disciplines Art, Myth and ReligionMythology and Religion, Literature and Music: Contribution to Meaning, Deep Symbols, Action, Understanding and Human NatureReligionBuddha, Lao-tse, Christ, Muhammad, Zarathustra… MythPrimitive and experiential myth and mythology Ritual Death; primitive planters; symbol: life requires death The Shaman; primitive hunters; symbol: vision and leadership born of example and charisma, the animal master Indian Mythology is adequately represented in the section, below, on Indian Philosophy LiteraturePhilosophy is literature, especially great philosophy. Here, focus is on literature – whether fiction or not – as it describes life or tells stories that illuminate ways and possibilities of life. The chief kinds of literature are: epic, tragedy, comedy, lyric, satire, history, biography, and prose narrative ‘Homer,’ The Iliad and The Odyssey Virgil, Aenid Augustine, The City of God Icelandic sagas, Prose Edda and Poetic Edda, …the fullest and most detailed source for modern knowledge of Germanic mythology. Beowulf, the heroic poem of Old English Literature Song of Hildebrand, German The Divine Comedy, Dante Paradise Lost, 1667; Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes, 1671, John Milton Molière, Racine, Boileau, and La Fontaine of what has been called the greatest age of French literature The 18th century. Britain: Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, and Samuel Johnson, Henry Fielding, Daniel Defoe, Tobias Smollett, Samuel Richardson and Laurence Sterne. France: Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Charles de Montesquieu, Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert. In Germany: Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller The 19th century – Romanticism. Fabre d'Olivet in France; Wordsworth, Coleridge, John Keats and Lord Byron in England; and Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Aleksandr Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov in Russia; James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe; Walt Whitman, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau in America which, as Wordsworth's pronouncements had done, affirmed the power of “insight” to transcend ordinary logic and experience The 19th century – Post-Romanticism. Heinrich Heine in Germany; Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Stéphane Mallarmé and Arthur Rimbaud in France; Jane Austen with Northanger Abbey and Sense and Sensibility in England; especially Benjamin Constant, Stendhal Gustave Flaubert and Émile Zola, also in France; Eliot, Charles Dickens, and Thomas Hardy in England and Nikolay Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Anton Chekhov in Russia; Henrik Ibsen in Norway; August Strindberg in Sweden; Gogol, Turgenev and Anton Chekov in Russia The 20th century. Joseph Conrad, Thomas Hardy, Henry James, D.H. Lawrence, Marcel Proust, André Gide, James Joyce's, Franz Kafka, and Thomas Mann, André Breton, Rainer Maria Rilkem, T.S. Eliot MusicPresently, this list does not include or do justice to music as it is performed and moves people in their lives – in peace and in war Indian classical music as rendered by Ravi Shankar, Ali Akbar Khan and others Western Music before the 19th century. Henry Purcell, Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) and George Frideric Handel 19th century – The Romantic Period. Transition: Beethoven, Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, and Anton Bruckner; romantic: Berlioz, Liszt, Gustav Mahler, and Richard Strauss; and Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky 19th century – Richard Wagner 20th century: Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Anton von Webern, Aaron Copeland 20th century “popular” music Art, Symbol and BeingArt periods: prehistoric – the old and new stone ages Celtic, Egyptian, Greek, Mesopotamian, Islamic, African, Oceanic, Indian, Japanese, Christian, Gothic, Baroque, European / Renaissance, Recent [1800 and later] Great art and artistsThe intent of the selection that follows is to evoke feeling, specifically my feeling, from the paintings, sculpture, buildings and other objects. I look not only for emotion but also and especially a sense of placement in and creation of time, space and the stream of being. The selection is not comprehensive relative to the history of art for that would dilute what it is that I intend. Source: H. W. Janson, History of Art, 1962, 5th ed, Anthony F. Janson, 1995 Cave paintings especially animals and the hunt and objects such as Horse a 2½" mammoth ivory carving from Bogelherd cave 28,000 BC the old stoneage [40,000 – 10,000 BC ending with the cessation of the most recent Ice Age] In the new stonage [till historic times] from which the following are remarkable: architecture with houses and shrines including paintings of the animal hunt and monuments such as Stonehenge c. 2000 B.C Egypt: the pyramids and the Great Sphinx at Giza and the statues of the pharaohs; the court of Ramesses II; the coffin of Tutankhamen Sumer: Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur, Iraq c. 2100 B.C Greece: The Parthenon; statues - Nike of Samothrace c. 200 BC and The Laocoön Group Rome: The Pantheon, Rome, 118 – 25 A.D Gothic: Notre-Dame, Paris, 1163 – c. 1250; Chartres Cathedral 1145 - 1220, and the stained glass Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière, c. 1170; Amiens Cathedral begun 1220; Salisbury Cathedral, England 1220 – 1770; Gloucester Cathedral, England, 1332 – 1357; Sta. Croce, Florence, begun c. 1295; Florence Cathedral, begun by Arnolfo di Cambio, 1296, dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420 – 36; Milan Cathedral, begun 1386, considered by H. W. Janson to be overly elaborate as a result of detail applied in mechanical fashion over the centuries was completed in 1910 Early Renaissance in Italy: Donatello, statues, 1386 – 1466, Prophet, 1423 – 25, 6' 5"; David, c. 1425 – 1430, bronze, 62¼"; Mary Magdalene, c. 1455, wood, partially gilded. Early Renaissance in Italy: Boticelli, c. 1480, The Birth of Venus High Renaissance in Italy – I cannot, now, do justice to the feeling evoked by Leonardo, Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giorgione, Titian and therefore the selection here is very thin; I hope that this is balanced by the power of evocation of the works. Leonardo da Vinci: Adoration of the Magi, 1481 – 82; The Last Supper c. 1495 – 98. Michelangelo: Pieta, c. 1500; David, 1501 – 4, 13' 5"; The Sistine Ceiling, 1508 – 12 including The Creation of Adam; St. Peter’s, Rome, 1546 – 64, dome completed by Giacomo della Porta, 1590. Raphael: La Belle Jardinière, 1507; The Sacrifice at Lystra, 1514 – 15. Giorgione, The Tempest, c. 1505. Titian: Bacchanal, c. 1518; Man with the Glove, c. 1520; Christ Crowned with Thorns, c. 1570 From 1525 to 1600, in Italy, the period now referred to as Mannerism, the following paintings are audible as voices: Giorgio Vasari, Perseus and Andromedia, 1570 – 72; Sofonisba Anguissola, Portrait of the Artist’s Sister Minerva, c. 1559; Jacopo Tintoretto, The Last Super, 1592 – 94 Of the remaining period until modern times, and even though there is much that speaks, I will note only the art of Albrecht Dürer: The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, woodcut, c. 1497 – 98; Self-Portrait, painting, 1500; Knight, Death and Devil, engraving, 1513 The Modern Period: here I am being very selective and choose only those works that seem to speak to me from universal and even distant sources. I have probably included some that I would not; omitted some that I would. Cammille Corot, Morning: Dance of the Nymphs, painting, 1850. William Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840; Rain, Steam and Speed, 1844. Caspar David Friedrich, The Polar Sea, 1824. Paul Klee, Twittering Machine, 1922. Jackson Pollock, Autumn Rhythm: Number 30, 1950. Anselm Kiefer, To the Unknown Painter, 1983. Frank Lloyd Wright, Robie House, Chicago, 1909. Foster Associates, Honkong Bank, 1979 – 86. Ansel Adams, Monrise, Hernandez, New Mexico, 1941. Josef Sudek, View from Studio Window in Winter, 1954. Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, California, 1936. Mark Tansey, Derrida Queries de Man Art – evocation and communication especially of “what is not said:” time, space, pattern [cause and law,] creation [pattern from nothingness and chaos,] nature, mood and will, feeling Art divisions: literature, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, theatre Art – concept: see Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, details in the Great Western Philosophers, above Art – history: H. W. Janson, History of Art HealingHealing, and MedicineIndividual as physical, bio-psycho-social and spiritual Dynamics of Being and the concept of healing: Journey in Being | Metaphysics | and, especially, Experiments in the Transformation of Being Psychiatry | Psychology | Research topics | Treatment Planning Examples:Personality disorders, borderline personality disorder: Dialectical Behavior Therapy etc; treatment of eating disorders Vitamins and micronutrients Wilderness Medicine Mental health information from the folder: organization\anil ScienceThe goal is to understand the essential science needed to inform my thought. My understanding of the nature of science and scientific theory—fact in a limited domain of validity, at most tentative as universal, neutral outside the domain—is adequate: my position is the result of thought and not mere import of ideas. However, I need details and principles to work out the mutual implications of, say, the cosmology and physical cosmology, the metaphysics and physics, and the principle of indeterminism and evolutionary biology Sociology and Anthropology for Foundations of Being; Social Action; Charisma and PatriarchalismInfluence and Change | section, Action and Influence in Journey in Being for some topics The nature of society, institutions, humankind; the concept of culture [EB Tylor…] The foundations of being, the individual, knowledge and language Today’s world: actual and potential Science in Knowledge, Progress of Being… and as a Metaphor for Metaphysics, EpistemologyScience as knowledge; as a comprehensive worldview; as a method; a practice; as a social [political, economic…] instrument; as parochial vs. universal Logic, Mathematics and ScienceArchimedes, Galileo, Newton, Gauss, Darwin, Maxwell, Emile Durkheim, Freud, Max Weber, Einstein, Schrödinger, Dirac Information, and Network Technology; Cognitive Sciences – Symbolic / Mechanical Being, Agents; Use and ApplicationMain disciplines: philosophy; psychology; neuroscience; computational intelligence; linguistics / language; and culture, cognition, evolution, and anthropology Computer science and robotics; human-machine synergy Some intelligent applications – various stages of developmentSee Variety of Being [section in this document] | The Variety of Being [essay] May add the following to Journey in Being | The Variety of Being [essay] Physics… and Reality, Classical / Formal… and Cosmology… and Metaphysics… and foundations for the sciencesString / M-theory: strings / m-branes as warps in a continuum, c = constant, fixed, the maximum = the speed of propagation of warps with zero mass… why? Calabi-Yau spaces at Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics | Calabi-YauSpace Outline of Quantum Mechanics and Relativistic theory of Gravitation and Fields; forefront today; foundation in nothingness / vacuum; real examples of the origin, development and stability of structure; physics of the vacuum, nothingness; time and recurrence Toolkit of ideas for reality testing: Bell's theorem, Aspect, causality and communication, determinism and indeterminism, Schrödinger's cat... significance for reality; wave-particle-field; epistemological vs. ontological interpretations of quantum mechanics. Time-space curvature... significance, recurrence - loop in time… every quantum of existence can interact with every other; thermodynamics, energy and the universe Origins; origin of this universe; natural selection in the origin of physical nature and the universes… work of Lee Smolin, Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose; cosmology and conditions for life, intelligence, and mind; history of the universe / solar system; physics and mind Some information papers: Cosmology and Inflation | General Physics | The Standard Model of Particle Physics Chemistry: Materials for Technology and Industrial Processes; Possibility of Molecules; Origin and Function of LifeChemistry and technology: the construction of tools and living elements Chemistry and the origins of life on earth; possibility of origins of life in space Chemistry and functional biology: chemical nature of life; nervous system and neurotransmitters, endocrine system, immune system; chemistry and mind Geology: Effect on Conditions for Life, Evolution, Speciation; Minerals, Fuels, their OriginsThe history of earth; history of continents and oceans, drivers of continental drift; drivers of earth’s magnetic field; geoclimatology; cosmic radiation; effect of the foregoing evolution of life Biology / life sciences: History of Life, Humans and Mind; Potential of Life; Biological Foundations of Mind, Consciousness, Knowledge, SymbolFunctional biology: development, epigenesis; genetics; biology and mind; ecology and complex systems Plants: biology, chemistry, and ethnobotany Chemicals and Biochemicals--alkaloids, steroids... Biochemistry, Molecular biology, Cell biology Physiology, Anatomy (Plan--use Life.doc) Plants Animals Evolutionary biology: the story of evolution; evolution of mind and complexity – problem of complexity Applied biology: forestry, domestication, agriculture Non-technical writers on nature: Annie Dillard, R. D. Lawrence, Peter Matthiessen, Barry Lopez, David L. Mech, Farley Mowatt… the ethnobotanists Psychology, Neurophysiology, Anthropology, Sociology: Variation / Malleability in Mental Process, Development and PersonalityBiological foundations; origin and growth of mind and mental function; mind, brain, behavior Other Elements of the Western TraditionOther Elements of the Western Tradition: contribution and contrast to the old world, India, Native American and the animalMysticism - Buddha, Christ, Eckart, Descartes, Pascal, Kierkegaard, Freud, Jung William James, The Variety of Religious Experience, 1902 Aldous Huxley Other TraditionsIndia and Indian PhilosophyVeda-Upanisad-Gita for truth / force; Samkhya-Yoga and Yogis for the focus / objective; Vedanta for understanding / insight See The Periods of Indian Philosophy for an outline; the classic Indian systems [sutras] with main doctrines and originators are: Purva-mimamsa: the interpretation of the Veda in the light of Dharma, Jamini; Vedanta: the philosophic interpretation of the Veda with focus on knowledge, Brahman and its identity with the self, Badarayana; Samkhya-karikas: the unmanifest is identical to the self, the three gunas or elements of sattva or light – rajas or activity – tamas or inertia, the three ways of pramana or knowing… of perception – of inference and of verbal testimony, Isvarakrsna; Yoga: Patanjali; Vaisesika: pluralistic metaphysics, Kanada; Nyaya: foundations of Buddhist Philosophy, Gautama / Aksapada; Mahayana Buddhist philosophy [beginnings]; Arthasastra: Kautilya; Ajivikas: Makkhali Gosala; and the Carvakas: Carvaka; Vaisnavism and Saivism develop later; Vaisnava is traced to the worship of Vishnu in the Rg Veda, the doctrine of prapatti, or complete self-surrender, is emphasized [Vaisnava-Sahajiya: a later 17th century development in Bengal that seeks religious experience through the world of the senses, specifically human sexual love… here parakiya-rati or the love of a man for a woman who legally belongs to another is considered to be above svakiya-rati or conjugal love as more intense, so parakiyarati was felt without consideration for the conventions of society or for personal gain and thus was more analogous to divine love, Radha is conceived as the ideal of the parakiya woman, because of the extreme privacy of the cult, little is known about its prevalence or its practices today;] Saiva is the worship of Shiva and Saivism is the school of thought that develops in this fold In an unpublished manuscript [Jaison A. Manjaly, Exploring Alternative Possibilities for Metaphysics of Mind, 2003] it is pointed out that certain non-dualistic traditions from Indian philosophy may suggest resolutions for the classic problems in Western philosophy of mind that result from Cartesian dualism. The following is a paraphrase: Some Indian traditions deploy a ‘continuum metaphysics’ where body and mind are not Cartesian polarities; many consider mind as material in nature with a primarily internal monitoring role; the non-physical status is reserved only for the ‘self’ or Atman. In Nyaya-Vaisesika, mind, or antahkarana, is material, yet not at par with the purely physical; it is non-dualistic but maintains a division between gross matter, subtle matter, and the non-physical; and, the Nyaya ascribes cognition, consciousness etc. to atman or self rather than to antahkarana or mind as in the West. Samkhya also regards mind as part of the internal organ system (antahkarana) which has priority over external sense organs because the cognition of external objects is possible only through antahkarana. In Advaita, mind is still the essential internal tool, while the actual knower is the individual self, which is Brahman. Interestingly, according to Advaita School also antahkarana is material because it is composed of all five physical elements Modern Indian philosophersPre-1947 Most of the following group were idealist metaphysicians i.e., they believed that reality is spiritual: Aurobindo Ghosh “Sri Aurobindo” 1872 – 1950 a modern Vedantic philosopher, K.C. Bhattacharya, Rabindranath Tagore, M.K. Gandhi, S. Radhakrishnan, B. Seal, H. Haldar, R.D. Ranade, D.M. Datta, N.V. Bannerjee, R. Das, A.C. Mukherji; N.V. Bannerjee, and R Das, in contrast, were influenced by Hegel and Sankara Post 1947 The following two groups are influenced by analytic philosophy, modern logic, phenomenology and/or Navya-Nyâya –– the logical-epistemological school of Indian Philosophy: P.J. Chaudhury, K.D. Bhattacharya, A.S. Ayub; and a younger group: M. Chatterjee, N.K. Devaraja, Daya Krishna, Bimal Matilal, J.N. Mohanty, Rajendra Prasad, P.K. Sen Non-Indians practicing modes of Indian Philosophy: Daniel Ingalls, Eric Fraunwallner, Eliot Deutsch, Karl Potter Native American; other primal including SiberiaVision quest; world view; shamanism [Neolithic origins; saman = ‘he who knows;’ two common functions = knowledge + healing] The Animal WorldBeing as a field Richard K. Nelson, Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, 1983 Richard K. Nelson, Shadow of the Hunter: Stories of Eskimo Life, 1983 Copyright and most recent updateCOPYRIGHT © ANIL MITRA PHD, Friday, April 02, 2010 10:21:09 PM ANIL MITRA | RESUME | HORIZONS ENTERPRISES™ | HOME | SITE-MAP | USEFUL LINKS | CONTACT |